Bahria Admission Test flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Subject-verb agreement

A singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural subject takes a plural verb; compound subjects joined by 'and' normally take a plural verb.

Fewer versus less

Use 'fewer' with countable plural nouns such as books or students, and 'less' with uncountable nouns such as water, time, or money.

Dangling modifier

An introductory participle phrase must modify the subject of the main clause; otherwise it dangles, as in 'Walking home, the rain soaked me.'

Semicolon use

A semicolon joins two independent clauses without a conjunction; each side must be a complete sentence, and it can also separate items containing commas.

Affect versus effect

'Affect' is usually a verb meaning to influence, while 'effect' is usually a noun meaning a result; 'effect' can also be a verb meaning to bring about.

Inference in reading

An inference is a conclusion logically supported by the passage but not stated directly; it must follow from textual evidence rather than personal opinion or outside knowledge.

Quadratic formula

For ax²+bx+c=0 with a≠0, the roots are x = [-b ± √(b²−4ac)]/(2a); the discriminant b²−4ac determines whether roots are real, equal, or complex.

Slope of a line

The slope through points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is m=(y2−y1)/(x2−x1); parallel lines have equal slopes and perpendicular lines have slopes whose product is −1.

Distance formula

The distance between points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) in a plane is √[(x2−x1)²+(y2−y1)²], derived from the Pythagorean theorem.

Arithmetic sequence

The nth term is a_n=a+(n−1)d, where a is the first term and d is the common difference; the sum of n terms is n/2[2a+(n−1)d].

Probability addition rule

For events A and B, P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)−P(A∩B); if A and B are mutually exclusive, P(A∩B)=0, so P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B).

Logarithm product rule

For positive a, b, and base c≠1, log_c(ab)=log_c a+log_c b; also log_c(a/b)=log_c a−log_c b and log_c(a^n)=n log_c a.

Circle area and circumference

A circle with radius r has area πr² and circumference 2πr; a sphere with radius r has volume (4/3)πr³ and surface area 4πr².

Percent change

Percent change equals (new value−old value)/old value ×100; a positive result is an increase, and a negative result is a decrease relative to the original value.

Contrapositive equivalence

The statement 'If A then B' is logically equivalent to its contrapositive 'If not B then not A'; the converse 'If B then A' is not equivalent.

Syllogism validity

In a valid syllogism, if the premises are true the conclusion must be true; 'All A are B' and 'All B are C' imply 'All A are C'.

Alphabet position code

Letters map to positions A=1, B=2, ..., Z=26; the reverse position of a letter is 27 minus its forward position, so A↔Z and B↔Y.

Blood relation tree

Draw a family tree using symbols for male, female, marriage, and sibling links; trace the exact relationship from the stated person to the target person step by step.

Direction sense turns

Use a coordinate plane with north up and east right; a right turn rotates the facing direction 90° clockwise, and net displacement is the straight-line vector from start to finish.

Data sufficiency rule

Decide whether the given statements provide enough information to answer the question uniquely; do not solve the full problem unless needed to test sufficiency.

Newton's second law

The net force on an object equals its mass times acceleration, F_net=ma; weight is W=mg, and kinetic friction is f_k=μ_kN.

Kinematic equations

For constant acceleration, v=u+at, s=ut+½at², and v²=u²+2as, where u is initial velocity, v final velocity, a acceleration, s displacement, and t time.

Ohm's law and power

For a resistor, V=IR; electrical power is P=VI=I²R=V²/R. Series resistances add, while parallel resistances satisfy 1/R=1/R1+1/R2.

Projectile motion

Horizontal and vertical motions are independent; horizontal velocity stays constant if air resistance is ignored, while vertical acceleration is g downward, so time of flight depends on vertical motion.

Mole concept

One mole contains 6.022×10²³ particles; the number of moles is n=m/M, where m is mass in grams and M is molar mass in grams per mole.

pH scale

pH=−log[H+]; a pH below 7 is acidic, 7 is neutral at 25°C, and above 7 is basic; strong acids ionize completely in water.

Periodic trends

Across a period, atomic radius decreases and electronegativity increases; down a group, atomic radius increases and electronegativity decreases because shielding and distance from the nucleus increase.

Avogadro's law

Equal volumes of ideal gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules; at STP, one mole of an ideal gas occupies about 22.4 liters.

Photosynthesis equation

Photosynthesis converts 6CO₂+6H₂O into C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂ using light energy in chloroplasts; the light reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which the Calvin cycle uses.

DNA base pairing

In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine by two hydrogen bonds, and guanine pairs with cytosine by three; replication is semi-conservative, so each new molecule keeps one parent strand.

Mitosis versus meiosis

Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells for growth and repair; meiosis produces four genetically varied haploid gametes through two divisions and crossing over.

Enzyme function

Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower activation energy by binding substrates at the active site; most are proteins, and activity depends on temperature and pH.