FBR Preventive Officer flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Subject-verb agreement rule

The verb agrees with the subject, not with words between them. Phrases like 'along with' or 'as well as' do not make a singular subject plural.

Fewer versus less

Use 'fewer' with countable nouns such as files or officers, and 'less' with uncountable nouns such as time, water, or money.

Restrictive versus non-restrictive clause

A restrictive clause identifies the noun, takes 'that', and has no commas. A non-restrictive clause adds extra information, takes 'which', and is enclosed in commas.

Active to passive conversion

Make the object the new subject, change the verb to a form of 'be' plus past participle, and keep the original tense. Add the agent with 'by' if needed.

Challenger Deep

The deepest known point in the ocean, located in the Mariana Trench of the western Pacific, at roughly 10,900 metres below sea level.

UN Security Council veto

The five permanent members, China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, can block any substantive resolution by a single negative vote.

SAARC founding details

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation was founded in 1985 in Dhaka, has eight member states, and keeps its secretariat in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Largest human organ

The skin is the largest organ of the human body. The liver is the largest internal organ, and the stapes in the middle ear is the smallest bone.

Lahore Resolution 1940

Passed on 23 March 1940 at Minto Park, Lahore, it demanded independent states in Muslim-majority regions and is commemorated as Pakistan Day.

Objectives Resolution 1949

Moved by Liaquat Ali Khan and passed on 12 March 1949, it set sovereignty of Allah and Islamic principles as the constitutional foundation, later made substantive in 1985.

Pakistan's 1973 Constitution

Promulgated on 14 August 1973 under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, it established a federal parliamentary system and remains Pakistan's operative constitution.

Indus river system order

From west to east the main tributaries are the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej, all joining the Indus, which flows into the Arabian Sea near Thatta.

Zakat rate and nisab

Zakat is 2.5 percent of qualifying wealth held for one lunar year above the nisab threshold, applied to cash, gold, silver, and trade goods but not personal residence.

Pillars of Iman

Six articles of faith: belief in Allah, His angels, His revealed books, His messengers, the Day of Judgment, and divine decree, both good and bad.

Hijrah and Islamic calendar

The migration from Makkah to Madinah in 622 CE marks year one of the Hijri calendar, which is lunar and roughly eleven days shorter than the solar year.

Sources of Islamic law

Sunni jurisprudence derives rulings from the Quran, the Sunnah, ijma or consensus of scholars, and qiyas or analogical reasoning, applied in that order.

Successive percentage change

Two successive changes of a percent and b percent combine as a + b + ab/100, so a 20 percent rise then a 20 percent fall gives a net 4 percent decrease.

Average speed for equal distances

When equal distances are covered at speeds x and y, average speed is the harmonic mean 2xy/(x + y), not the arithmetic mean of the two speeds.

Simple versus compound interest

Simple interest is P x R x T / 100. Compound amount is P(1 + R/100)^T, and compound interest is that amount minus the principal.

Combined work formula

If one worker completes a job in x days and another in y days, working together they finish it in xy/(x + y) days, assuming independent constant rates.

Photosynthesis equation

Six carbon dioxide molecules plus six water molecules, using light energy and chlorophyll, produce one glucose molecule and six oxygen molecules in chloroplasts.

Ohm's law and power

Voltage equals current times resistance, V = IR. Electrical power equals VI, which also equals I squared R and V squared divided by R.

Universal red cell donor

O negative blood lacks A, B, and Rh D antigens, so it can be given to recipients of any ABO and Rh type in emergencies.

Vitamin deficiency diseases

Vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy, vitamin D deficiency causes rickets in children, and vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness and eye damage.

DNS function

The Domain Name System translates human-readable domain names into numerical IP addresses so browsers can locate the correct server on a network.

RAM versus ROM

RAM is volatile working memory that loses contents when power is cut. ROM is non-volatile and retains stored instructions such as firmware after shutdown.

Absolute versus relative reference

In spreadsheets, A1 is relative and shifts when copied, while $A$1 is absolute and stays fixed. Mixed forms lock only the column or only the row.

Primary key in a database

A primary key is a field or field combination that uniquely identifies each record in a table and cannot contain duplicate or null values.

Customs transaction value

The primary customs valuation basis, generally the price actually paid or payable for the goods, adjusted to a CIF basis as the law permits.

Duty drawback

A refund of customs duty paid on imported inputs that were later used in the manufacture of goods subsequently exported, subject to prescribed conditions.

Bonded warehouse

A licensed warehouse where imported goods are stored with duty suspended until they are cleared for home consumption or re-exported.

Denying the antecedent

A logical fallacy: from 'If P then Q' and 'not P', concluding 'not Q'. The conditional does not rule out Q arising from another cause.