Praxis Biology 5236 study plan

Diagram and label the major eukaryotic organelles and state one function for each from memory

Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure in a written table of at least 8 features

Explain membrane transport types (diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport) and predict direction of net movement in three given scenarios

Describe how enzymes are affected by temperature, pH, and substrate concentration, and interpret a simple rate-versus-pH curve

Trace the inputs and outputs of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, listing ATP yield per stage

Contrast photosynthesis light reactions and the Calvin cycle by location, inputs, and outputs

Sequence the stages of mitosis and meiosis and identify the point where crossing over occurs

Define the vocabulary of Mendelian genetics (allele, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, dominance) and use it correctly in written answers

Solve monohybrid and dihybrid crosses and express outcomes as ratios and probabilities

Interpret pedigrees to determine likely modes of inheritance (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked)

Predict results of non-Mendelian patterns including incomplete dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles

Analyze a karyotype description to identify a chromosomal abnormality

Describe DNA replication, transcription, and translation in order, naming the enzymes and RNA types involved

Distinguish among point mutations, frameshifts, and chromosomal mutations and predict their protein-level effects

Explain the mechanisms of natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation as agents of evolutionary change

Summarize the evidence used to support common ancestry (fossils, homologous structures, molecular comparisons)

Apply the binomial naming system and rank the taxonomic levels from domain to species

Compare the defining characteristics of the major kingdoms/domains and place 10 example organisms correctly

Contrast structural and reproductive adaptations of major plant groups (mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms)

Describe distinguishing features of major invertebrate and vertebrate animal phyla

Explain how viruses differ from living cells and why classification of viruses is debated

Diagram energy flow and trophic levels in a food web and calculate energy transfer between levels

Explain population growth models (exponential and logistic) and identify density-dependent and density-independent factors

Describe the major biogeochemical cycles (carbon, nitrogen, water) and human impacts on each

Distinguish primary and secondary succession and predict community changes over time

Identify the steps of the scientific method and design a controlled experiment with variables and a control group

Evaluate a science-and-technology scenario for ethical, social, and environmental implications using evidence

Explain applications and limits of biotechnology (PCR, gel electrophoresis, genetic engineering, gene therapy)

Interpret data presented in tables and graphs, distinguishing correlation from causation

Identify proper lab safety practices and the correct use of common lab equipment

Describe how scientific knowledge changes with new evidence and how peer review functions

Complete two full-length timed practice tests and record domain-by-domain scores

Re-teach the three lowest-scoring domains using summary sheets created earlier

Rewrite missed items as flashcards and review them until 100% recall on a retest

Build a one-page formula and vocabulary reference sheet covering all six domains