Praxis Elem CKT Reading/LA flashcards
Praxis Elem CKT Reading/LA · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Phonemic awareness
- The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate individual phonemes in spoken words, such as blending /k/ /a/ /t/ into cat or segmenting cat into three sounds.
- Phonics
- Instruction in the predictable relationships between letters and the sounds they represent, enabling readers to decode unfamiliar printed words systematically.
- Fluency
- Reading text accurately, at an appropriate rate, and with expression; fluent reading frees attention for comprehension rather than word-by-word decoding.
- Simple View of Reading
- A model stating that reading comprehension equals decoding ability multiplied by language comprehension, so weakness in either factor reduces overall understanding.
- Metacognition in reading
- A reader's awareness and regulation of their own comprehension, including monitoring understanding and applying fix-up strategies such as rereading or summarizing.
- Text structure
- The organizational pattern of informational text, such as description, sequence, compare-contrast, cause-effect, or problem-solution, which guides comprehension and note-taking.
- Tier 2 vocabulary
- High-frequency academic words that appear across many content areas, such as analyze, contrast, or evidence, and are valuable targets for explicit instruction.
- Formative assessment
- Ongoing, low-stakes checks during instruction, such as exit tickets or running records, used to adjust teaching rather than to assign a final grade.
- Place value
- A base-ten system in which each position represents ten times the value of the position to its right, allowing digits to express different magnitudes.
- Equivalent fractions
- Fractions that name the same quantity, such as 1/2 and 2/4; they satisfy the cross-multiplication test ad = bc for a/b and c/d.
- Reciprocal
- The multiplicative inverse of a fraction, formed by swapping numerator and denominator; dividing by a fraction is equivalent to multiplying by its reciprocal.
- Order of operations
- The conventional sequence for evaluating expressions: parentheses, exponents, multiplication and division left to right, then addition and subtraction left to right.
- Prime number
- A whole number greater than one with exactly two distinct factors, one and itself; examples include 2, 3, 5, 7, and 11.
- Median
- The middle value of an ordered data set, or the mean of the two middle values when the count is even; it is resistant to outliers.
- Unit rate
- A ratio expressed per one unit of the second quantity, such as 60 miles per hour or 3 dollars per pound.
- Area of a triangle
- The space enclosed by a triangle, computed as one-half the base times the height, where height is perpendicular to the chosen base.
- Independent variable
- The factor deliberately changed or manipulated by the experimenter in a controlled investigation, whose effect is observed on the dependent variable.
- Dependent variable
- The factor measured or observed in an experiment; it responds to changes in the independent variable and is plotted on the vertical axis.
- Hypothesis
- A testable, falsifiable prediction about the relationship between variables, stated before data collection and revised based on evidence.
- Physical property
- A characteristic observable or measurable without changing a substance's chemical identity, such as density, melting point, color, or conductivity.
- Water cycle
- The continuous movement of water through evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and collection or runoff, driven mainly by solar energy.
- Food chain
- A pathway showing energy transfer from producers through consumers to decomposers; roughly ten percent of energy passes to each successive trophic level.
- Sedimentary rock
- Rock formed when weathered sediments are deposited, compacted, and cemented over time; it often preserves fossils and layers called strata.
- Newton's second law
- The acceleration of an object equals the net force acting on it divided by its mass, commonly written as force equals mass times acceleration.
- Separation of powers
- The division of government authority among legislative, executive, and judicial branches so that no single branch holds all governing power.
- Checks and balances
- Constitutional mechanisms letting each branch limit the others, such as the presidential veto, congressional override, and judicial review of laws.
- Federalism
- A system dividing governing power between a national government and state governments, with the Tenth Amendment reserving undelegated powers to states or people.
- Bill of Rights
- The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, protecting individual liberties such as speech, religion, press, assembly, and fair legal process.
- Primary source
- A firsthand record created by participants or witnesses of an event, such as diaries, letters, photographs, speeches, or artifacts.
- Latitude
- Imaginary lines running east to west that measure distance north or south of the equator, expressed in degrees from zero at the equator to ninety at the poles.
- Opportunity cost
- The value of the next best alternative given up when a choice is made, a direct consequence of scarcity in economic decision-making.
- Map scale
- The ratio relating distance on a map to actual distance on Earth, expressed as a fraction, verbal statement, or graphic bar.