Praxis 5004 flashcards
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32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Primary source
- A document, artifact, or account created during the period under study by a participant or witness, such as a diary, treaty, letter, photograph, or census record.
- Secondary source
- A later interpretation that analyzes and synthesizes primary evidence, such as a textbook, biography, or scholarly article written about a past event.
- Historical contextualization
- Placing a source in its original time, place, and circumstances so its meaning is judged by the norms of that era rather than by today's standards.
- Corroboration
- Comparing two or more independent sources to see whether they agree on a fact, which strengthens confidence in a claim about the past.
- Chronological thinking
- The historical-thinking skill of sequencing events, identifying cause and effect, and recognizing patterns of continuity and change over time.
- Bill of Rights
- The first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, protecting liberties such as speech, religion, due process, and freedom from unreasonable searches.
- Reconstruction amendments
- The Thirteenth (1865) abolished slavery, the Fourteenth (1868) guaranteed citizenship and equal protection, and the Fifteenth (1870) protected voting rights regardless of race.
- Louisiana Purchase
- The 1803 acquisition from France, negotiated under President Jefferson, that doubled the size of the United States for roughly fifteen million dollars.
- New Deal
- Franklin Roosevelt's 1933-1939 programs, including Social Security and the CCC, that expanded federal relief, regulation, and public works during the Great Depression.
- Brown v. Board of Education
- The 1954 Supreme Court ruling that racial segregation in public schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson.
- Containment
- The Cold War policy of limiting Soviet expansion through aid, alliances, and military force, applied in the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and NATO.
- Neolithic Revolution
- The transition from hunting and gathering to settled agriculture beginning around 10,000 BCE, which produced food surpluses, permanent villages, and early cities.
- Columbian Exchange
- The transatlantic transfer beginning in 1492 of crops, animals, people, and diseases between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia, including smallpox and maize.
- Code of Hammurabi
- A Babylonian law code from around 1750 BCE carved on stone stelae, notable for publicly displayed written rules and penalties graded by social class.
- Protestant Reformation
- The sixteenth-century movement begun by Martin Luther's 1517 challenge to Catholic doctrine, which split Western Christianity and weakened papal authority in northern Europe.
- Industrial Revolution
- The shift beginning in eighteenth-century Britain from handcraft to machine and factory production powered by coal and steam, transforming economies and urban life.
- Decolonization
- The post-1945 process in which Asian and African colonies gained independence from European empires, often through nationalist movements, creating dozens of new states.
- Judicial review
- The power of courts to strike down laws or executive actions as unconstitutional, established by the Supreme Court's decision in Marbury v. Madison in 1803.
- Federalism
- A system dividing power between a national government and state governments, with the Tenth Amendment reserving undelegated powers to the states or the people.
- Checks and balances
- Constitutional provisions letting each branch limit the others, such as the presidential veto, Senate confirmation of appointees, and judicial review of legislation.
- Cloture
- A Senate procedure requiring sixty votes to end debate and overcome a filibuster, effectively creating a supermajority requirement for controversial legislation.
- Electoral College
- The body of 538 electors, apportioned by each state's congressional representation plus three for the District of Columbia, that formally elects the president; 270 votes win.
- Map projection
- A method for transferring the curved Earth onto a flat surface; every projection distorts area, shape, distance, or direction to some degree.
- Site and situation
- Site is a place's physical characteristics such as terrain and water access; situation is its position relative to other places and transportation routes.
- Demographic transition model
- A staged model describing how birth and death rates fall as societies industrialize, moving from high-high rates to low-low rates with rapid growth in between.
- Push and pull factors
- Conditions that drive migrants away from a place, such as war or famine, and conditions that attract them, such as jobs or political freedom.
- Mercator projection
- A cylindrical projection preserving compass direction and the shape of small areas but grossly exaggerating the size of high-latitude landmasses such as Greenland.
- Opportunity cost
- The value of the next-best alternative forgone when a choice is made, which represents the true economic cost of any decision.
- Price ceiling
- A legally imposed maximum price; if set below the equilibrium price it makes quantity demanded exceed quantity supplied, creating a shortage.
- GDP formula
- Gross domestic product equals consumption plus investment plus government purchases plus net exports, calculated as exports minus imports for a given period.
- Money multiplier
- The maximum expansion of deposits from each dollar of reserves, calculated as one divided by the reserve requirement ratio in a fractional reserve system.
- Comparative advantage
- The ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer, which is the basis for mutually beneficial specialization and trade.