Praxis 5001 cheat sheet

Phonological awareness is the umbrella skill of noticing and manipulating sounds in spoken language; phonemic awareness-isolating individual phonemes-is a subset of it.

The five essential components of reading instruction are phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension.

Fluency has three dimensions: accuracy, rate (words correct per minute), and prosody (expression and phrasing).

The alphabetic principle is the understanding that letters and letter combinations map onto speech sounds; English uses 26 letters to represent roughly 44 phonemes.

Six common syllable types: closed (cat), open (me), vowel-consonant-e (hope), vowel team (rain), r-controlled (car), consonant-le (table).

Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning: free morphemes stand alone (dog), while bound morphemes such as prefixes and suffixes must attach to a base or root.

Common expository text structures are description, sequence, compare-contrast, cause-effect, and problem-solution; each is signaled by cue words such as 'because,' 'however,' or 'first.'

The writing process stages are prewriting, drafting, revising, editing/proofreading, and publishing; revising addresses ideas and organization, editing addresses conventions.

Figurative language types to identify: simile (comparison using like/as), metaphor (direct comparison), personification, hyperbole, idiom, and onomatopoeia.

Area formulas: rectangle A = lw; triangle A = ½bh; circle A = πr² with circumference C = 2πr.

Volume of a rectangular prism = l × w × h; volume of a cylinder = πr²h.

Order of operations: grouping symbols, then exponents, then multiplication and division left to right, then addition and subtraction left to right.

In base-ten place value each position is ten times the value of the position to its right, so 0.1 is one-tenth of 1.

Dividing by a fraction is equivalent to multiplying by its reciprocal: a/b ÷ c/d = a/b × d/c.

Mean = sum of values ÷ number of values; median = middle value of ordered data; mode = most frequent value; range = maximum − minimum.

A prime number has exactly two distinct factors, 1 and itself; the number 1 is neither prime nor composite.

Triangle interior angles sum to 180° and quadrilateral angles to 360°; for an n-sided polygon the sum is (n − 2) × 180°.

Conversions: 1 km = 1,000 m; 1 kg = 1,000 g; 1 L = 1,000 mL; 1 ft = 12 in; 1 in = 2.54 cm.

Article I grants legislative power to Congress, Article II grants executive power to the President, and Article III grants judicial power to the courts.

Checks and balances include the presidential veto, a two-thirds congressional override, Senate confirmation of appointments and treaties, and judicial review.

The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments, ratified in 1791, protecting speech, press, religion, assembly, petition, and rights of the accused.

Federalism divides power between the national government and the states; the Tenth Amendment reserves undelegated powers to the states or the people.

Latitude lines run east-west and measure distance north or south of the equator (0°); longitude lines run north-south and measure distance east or west of the prime meridian (0°).

Opportunity cost is the value of the next-best alternative given up when a choice is made; scarcity forces individuals and societies to choose.

Push factors drive people away from a place (war, famine, persecution); pull factors attract them (jobs, safety, freedom).

Reconstruction amendments: the 13th abolished slavery (1865), the 14th granted citizenship and equal protection, and the 15th protected voting rights regardless of race.

Map types: political maps show boundaries and cities, physical maps show landforms and elevation, and thematic maps show data such as population density or climate.

Water cycle stages: evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and collection or runoff, driven mainly by energy from the Sun.

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂, occurring in chloroplasts that contain the pigment chlorophyll.

In a food chain, energy passes from producers to consumers to decomposers; only about 10% of energy transfers to the next trophic level, the rest lost as heat.

States of matter: solids have fixed shape and volume, liquids have fixed volume but take container shape, gases expand to fill the container; plasma is a fourth state.

Newton's laws: (1) an object stays at rest or in uniform motion unless a net force acts, (2) F = ma, (3) every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Rock types: igneous forms from cooled magma or lava, sedimentary forms from compacted and cemented deposits, metamorphic forms from existing rock altered by heat and pressure.

Earth's interior from outside inward: crust, mantle, liquid outer core, solid inner core; the core is composed mainly of iron and nickel.

Earth's rotation on its axis takes about 24 hours and causes day and night; revolution around the Sun takes about 365¼ days and, combined with axial tilt, produces the seasons.

Series circuits provide a single current path (current is the same everywhere); parallel circuits provide multiple paths (voltage is the same across each branch).