Praxis Family and Consumer Sciences flashcards

34 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Erikson: identity vs. role confusion

The psychosocial crisis of adolescence, in which the individual explores values, beliefs, and social roles to form a coherent sense of self or remains uncertain about identity.

Piaget: concrete operational stage

Ages roughly 7 to 11, when children master conservation, classification, and reversibility, and can reason logically about concrete objects but not abstract hypotheticals.

Authoritative parenting

A parenting style combining high warmth and responsiveness with high but reasonable expectations and clear limits; associated with the most positive child outcomes.

Family systems theory

A framework treating the family as an interdependent whole whose members affect one another through roles, boundaries, rules, and communication patterns.

Opportunity cost

The value of the next-best alternative given up when a resource such as money or time is allocated to one choice instead of another.

Rule of 72

A shortcut for estimating how long an investment takes to double: divide 72 by the annual percentage rate. At 6 percent, money doubles in about 12 years.

APR

Annual percentage rate, the yearly cost of credit expressed as a percentage, including interest and certain fees, allowing comparison across loan offers.

SMART goal

A goal that is Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time-bound; the format guides financial and resource planning in consumer education.

FICA payroll deduction

Mandatory payroll tax funding Social Security and Medicare; employees pay 6.2 percent for Social Security and 1.45 percent for Medicare on covered wages.

Energy value of macronutrients

Carbohydrate and protein each provide about 4 kilocalories per gram, fat provides about 9, and alcohol about 7; these values support calorie calculations.

Temperature danger zone

The range from 40 to 140 degrees Fahrenheit, or 4 to 60 degrees Celsius, in which bacteria multiply rapidly in perishable foods.

Complementary proteins

Two or more plant foods whose limiting amino acids complement each other, such as rice and beans, together supplying all essential amino acids.

AMDR

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range: the recommended share of calories from each macronutrient, such as 45 to 65 percent carbohydrate and 20 to 35 percent fat for adults.

BMI formula

Body mass index calculated as weight in pounds times 703 divided by height in inches squared; used to screen weight status in adults.

Maillard reaction

Browning between amino acids and reducing sugars when food is heated above about 300 degrees Fahrenheit, producing color and complex flavors in seared and baked foods.

Emulsion

A stable mixture of two liquids that normally do not mix, such as oil and water, held together by an emulsifier like egg yolk lecithin.

Mise en place

A French culinary term meaning all ingredients are measured, prepared, and arranged before cooking begins, improving efficiency and accuracy.

Gluten development

The elastic network formed when wheat flour proteins glutenin and gliadin are hydrated and kneaded, giving bread structure and chew.

Double-acting baking powder

A leavening agent containing baking soda, acid, and starch that releases carbon dioxide once when moistened and again when heated.

Standard volume equivalents

Kitchen measurement facts: 3 teaspoons equal 1 tablespoon, 16 tablespoons equal 1 cup, and 4 cups equal 1 quart.

Bias grain

The direction at 45 degrees to the lengthwise and crosswise grain of woven fabric; it stretches the most and is used for draping garments.

Twill weave

A weave producing a diagonal pattern on the fabric surface, characterized by strength, durability, and resistance to soiling; used in denim and gabardine.

Pilling

The formation of small fiber balls on a fabric surface caused by abrasion and friction during wear and laundering; common in wool, acrylic, and blends.

Care Labeling Rule

A Federal Trade Commission regulation requiring manufacturers to attach care instructions to apparel and certain textiles so consumers can clean them properly.

Fashion cycle

The sequence a style passes through: introduction, rise in popularity, peak, decline, and obsolescence; classics persist while fads cycle quickly.

Principles of design

Guidelines for arranging interior elements: balance, rhythm, emphasis, proportion and scale, harmony, and unity, applied to color, line, and space.

Universal design

Designing spaces and products usable by all people without adaptation, including equitable use, flexibility, low physical effort, and tolerance for error.

Kitchen work triangle

The path connecting the sink, range, and refrigerator; keeping the three legs short and unobstructed improves efficiency and reduces fatigue.

R-value

A measure of a material's resistance to heat flow; higher R-values indicate better insulation performance in walls, roofs, and windows.

Housing cost burden

A household spending more than 30 percent of gross income on housing costs, including rent or mortgage, utilities, and insurance.

Smith-Hughes Act

The 1917 federal law that funded vocational education, including home economics, in public schools and helped establish FCS as a school subject.

FCCLA

Family, Career and Community Leaders of America, the career and technical student organization for FCS students, offering leadership and service projects.

FERPA

The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, which protects student education records and limits disclosure without consent or a lawful exception.

Formative assessment

Ongoing checks during instruction, such as exit tickets or quizzes, used to adjust teaching and give feedback rather than to assign a final grade.