Praxis School Counselor flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Frank Parsons

Opened the Boston Vocation Bureau in 1908 and is called the father of vocational guidance; his work marks the beginning of the school guidance movement.

ASCA founding

The American School Counselor Association was founded in 1952 and is the national professional organization that publishes the ASCA National Model and Ethical Standards.

ASCA National Model

Published in 2003 with revisions in 2005, 2012, and 2019, it organizes school counseling around four components: Define, Manage, Deliver, and Assess.

FERPA

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (1974): parents or eligible students may inspect education records and must give written consent before disclosure, with limited exceptions.

IDEA

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (2004): guarantees a free appropriate public education, an IEP, least restrictive environment, and related services such as counseling.

Section 504

Part of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973; it prohibits discrimination based on disability and requires accommodations so students can access programs and activities.

Bronfenbrenner

Ecological systems theory: development occurs within nested contexts - microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem - rather than in isolation.

Confidentiality limits

School counselors must break confidentiality when there is danger to self or others, suspected abuse or neglect, or a court order; limits are explained at the start.

Define component

The ASCA National Model component that establishes the program's mission statement, goals, and alignment with the ASCA Student Standards: Mindsets & Behaviors.

ASCA Student Standards

Mindsets & Behaviors for Student Success, organized into academic, career, and social/emotional domains, describe what all students should know and be able to do.

Direct student services

Face-to-face services with students: school counseling core curriculum instruction, individual student planning, and responsive services such as crisis counseling and small groups.

Indirect student services

Services delivered on students' behalf rather than face-to-face: referrals to community resources, consultation with teachers and parents, and collaboration with stakeholders.

Process data

Evidence of what the school counselor did, such as lessons delivered, students served, and groups held; it documents program implementation rather than outcomes.

Perception data

Measures of students', staff's, or parents' attitudes, knowledge, and beliefs, typically collected with pre/post surveys to show learning or changed perceptions.

Results data

Outcome data showing the program's impact on achievement, attendance, behavior, or graduation; used to demonstrate effectiveness and close achievement gaps.

MTSS

Multi-Tiered System of Supports: Tier 1 universal instruction for all students, Tier 2 targeted small-group interventions, and Tier 3 intensive individualized supports and referral.

Unconditional positive regard

Rogers' person-centered condition in which the counselor accepts the student without judgment or conditions of worth, separate from approval of specific behaviors.

ABCDE model

Ellis' REBT framework: Activating event, irrational Belief, emotional Consequence, Disputation of the belief, and the resulting Effect of more rational thinking.

Miracle question

A solution-focused technique asking, 'Suppose the problem disappeared overnight - what would be different?' to help students identify goals and exceptions.

WDEP

Glasser's reality therapy sequence: Wants (what the student wants), Doing (current behavior), Evaluation (does it work?), and Planning (a specific plan).

Stages of change

Prochaska and DiClemente's model: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination; interventions should match the student's current stage.

Tuckman's group stages

Forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning describe the predictable developmental phases of counseling and psychoeducational groups.

Consultation models

Caplan's client-centered, consultee-centered, and administrative models, plus Bergan's behavioral consultation stages: problem identification, problem analysis, plan implementation, and problem evaluation.

Tarasoff duty to warn

When a client poses a serious threat to an identifiable person, the counselor must take reasonable steps to protect the intended victim; specific requirements are set by state law.

Test-retest reliability

A reliability estimate obtained by administering the same test twice and correlating scores; it reflects the stability of scores over time.

Standard error of measurement

An index of the typical error in an individual's score, computed as SD × √(1 − reliability); used to build confidence intervals around observed scores.

T-score

A standard score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10, commonly used in personality and interest inventories.

Percentile rank

The percentage of people in the norm group who scored at or below a given score; it is an ordinal measure and not the percentage of items answered correctly.

Norm-referenced test

A test scored by comparing a student's performance to a norm group's performance; results are typically reported as percentiles or standard scores.

Internal validity

The degree to which a study supports a causal claim; threats include history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, regression to the mean, selection, and attrition.

Type I error

Rejecting a true null hypothesis, a false positive, commonly controlled with an alpha level of .05; Type II error is failing to reject a false null.

Cohen's d

An effect size indicating the difference between groups in standard deviation units; about .2 is small, .5 medium, and .8 large.