Praxis 5081 flashcards
Praxis 5081 · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Marbury v. Madison
- 1803 Supreme Court case establishing judicial review, the power of courts to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.
- Mayflower Compact
- 1620 agreement among Plymouth settlers to create a self-governing colony with laws made by majority consent; an early model of colonial self-government.
- Emancipation Proclamation
- 1863 executive order by Abraham Lincoln declaring enslaved people in Confederate states free; it did not immediately free all enslaved people but shifted the war's purpose.
- Fourteenth Amendment
- 1868 amendment granting citizenship to all born or naturalized in the United States and guaranteeing due process and equal protection; basis for many civil rights rulings.
- New Deal
- Series of 1930s federal programs under Franklin Roosevelt designed to relieve Depression suffering, promote recovery, and reform the financial system, including the Social Security Act of 1935.
- Brown v. Board of Education
- 1954 unanimous Supreme Court decision holding racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson's separate-but-equal doctrine.
- Articles of Confederation
- First U.S. constitution, in effect 1781–1789, creating a weak national government with a unicameral Congress and no power to tax or regulate interstate commerce.
- Nineteenth Amendment
- 1920 constitutional amendment prohibiting denial of the right to vote on account of sex, granting women's suffrage nationwide.
- Neolithic Revolution
- Transition around 10,000 BCE from nomadic hunting and gathering to settled agriculture, leading to permanent villages, food surpluses, and early civilizations.
- Industrial Revolution
- Period beginning around 1750 in Britain when machine production, steam power, and factories transformed economies from agrarian to industrial, causing urbanization and social change.
- Protestant Reformation
- Sixteenth-century movement begun by Martin Luther's 1517 Ninety-Five Theses challenging Catholic Church practices, leading to new Protestant denominations and religious wars.
- Fall of Constantinople
- 1453 Ottoman conquest of the Byzantine capital; it ended the Byzantine Empire and prompted European exploration of new trade routes.
- Treaty of Versailles
- 1919 agreement ending World War I; imposed reparations and territorial losses on Germany, contributing to resentment and later instability.
- Cold War
- Geopolitical rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union from roughly 1947 to 1991, marked by a nuclear arms race, proxy wars, and ideological competition.
- Columbian Exchange
- Transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and people between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia after 1492, reshaping diets, populations, and economies.
- Judicial review
- Power of courts to review laws and governmental actions and declare them unconstitutional; established in Marbury v. Madison in 1803.
- Electoral College
- Body of 538 electors who formally choose the president; a candidate needs 270 votes, and states generally award electors winner-take-all.
- Checks and balances
- Constitutional design in which each branch can limit the others, for example presidential veto, congressional override by two-thirds, and judicial review.
- Tenth Amendment
- Reserves powers not delegated to the federal government, nor prohibited to the states, to the states or the people; the foundation of state reserved powers.
- Cloture
- Senate procedure to end a filibuster, requiring a three-fifths vote, currently 60 of 100 senators.
- Federalism
- System dividing power between a national government and state governments, with enumerated federal powers, reserved state powers, and concurrent powers.
- Selective incorporation
- Process by which the Supreme Court applies most Bill of Rights protections to state governments through the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause.
- Five themes of geography
- Framework of location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, and region, used to organize geographic analysis.
- Rain shadow
- Dry region on the leeward side of a mountain range, created because moist air rises, cools, and precipitates on the windward side.
- Demographic transition
- Model describing population change from high birth and death rates to low ones as a country industrializes, with rapid growth in the middle stages.
- Mercator projection
- Cylindrical map projection preserving direction and shape near the equator but greatly exaggerating area at high latitudes.
- Push-pull factors
- Conditions driving migration: push factors such as war, famine, and unemployment repel people from a place, while pull factors such as jobs and safety attract them.
- Opportunity cost
- Value of the next-best alternative given up when a choice is made; central to understanding trade-offs under scarcity.
- Law of demand
- All else equal, as the price of a good rises, quantity demanded falls, and as price falls, quantity demanded rises.
- GDP
- Gross domestic product, the total market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a period; calculated as C + I + G + (X minus M).
- Open market operations
- Federal Reserve buying or selling of government securities to influence bank reserves, the money supply, and short-term interest rates.
- Comparative advantage
- Ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer, the basis for mutually beneficial specialization and trade.