Praxis Teaching Reading: Elementary flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Simple View of Reading

The Simple View of Reading models reading comprehension as the product of decoding skill and linguistic comprehension; weakness in either component limits overall reading comprehension.

Scarborough's Reading Rope

Scarborough's Reading Rope represents reading as interwoven strands of word recognition and language comprehension that become increasingly strategic and automatic over time.

Orthographic mapping

Orthographic mapping is the process of storing written words as connected letter-sound sequences in long-term memory, enabling instant word recognition.

Phonological awareness

Phonological awareness is awareness of the sound structure of spoken language, including syllables, onsets and rimes, and individual phonemes.

Phonemic awareness

Phonemic awareness is the ability to identify and manipulate individual phonemes in spoken words, such as blending, segmenting, and deleting sounds.

Alphabetic principle

The alphabetic principle is the understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken language in a predictable relationship.

Ehri's phases

Ehri's phases describe word-reading development from pre-alphabetic to consolidated alphabetic, moving from visual cues to full alphabetic decoding and automatic sight recognition.

Explicit phonics instruction

Explicit phonics instruction directly teaches letter-sound correspondences and blending, with clear modeling, guided practice, and application to reading and spelling.

Decodable text

Decodable text is reading material that mainly uses letter-sound patterns already taught, giving beginning readers practice applying phonics to connected text.

Syllable types

Six common syllable types are closed, open, vowel-consonant-e, vowel team, r-controlled, and consonant-le; each has a predictable vowel sound pattern.

Elkonin boxes

Elkonin boxes are sound boxes used to build phonemic awareness; students place tokens in boxes as they segment a spoken word into individual phonemes.

Repeated reading

Repeated reading is a fluency practice in which a student reads the same short passage several times to increase accuracy, rate, and expression.

Systematic phonics sequence

A systematic phonics sequence teaches a planned progression of letter-sound relationships, from simple to complex, rather than incidentally or in random order.

Vocabulary tiers

Tier 1 words are common everyday words; Tier 2 words are high-frequency academic words across domains; Tier 3 words are low-frequency domain-specific terms.

Morphology

Morphology is the study of meaningful word parts, including roots, prefixes, and suffixes; instruction helps students analyze unfamiliar words.

Text structure

Text structure refers to how information is organized, such as compare-contrast, cause-effect, problem-solution, description, and sequence.

Inferencing

Inferencing is combining background knowledge with text evidence to draw conclusions that are not explicitly stated by the author.

Think-aloud

A think-aloud is a comprehension modeling technique in which a teacher verbalizes the mental strategies used while reading, such as predicting or monitoring.

Reciprocal teaching

Reciprocal teaching uses four comprehension strategies-predicting, questioning, clarifying, and summarizing-with students taking turns leading discussion.

Background knowledge

Background knowledge is what a reader already knows about a topic; it strongly influences comprehension and is built through wide reading and discussion.

Universal screening

Universal screening is a brief assessment given to all students to identify those who may need additional reading support or diagnostic follow-up.

Progress monitoring

Progress monitoring is frequent, brief assessment used to measure student response to intervention and to adjust instruction based on trend data.

Diagnostic assessment

A diagnostic assessment provides detailed information about a student's specific strengths and weaknesses in reading components after a concern is identified.

Curriculum-based measurement

Curriculum-based measurement uses brief, standardized, timed probes of basic skills, such as oral reading fluency, to track student growth.

RTI tiers

Response to Intervention uses three tiers: core instruction for all, targeted small-group support for some, and intensive individualized intervention for few students.

Running record

A running record is an oral reading assessment that records accuracy, error types, and self-corrections while a student reads a leveled passage aloud.

Disciplinary literacy

Disciplinary literacy teaches the specialized reading, writing, and thinking practices used within a content area, such as sourcing evidence in history.

Text features

Text features are visual and organizational aids in informational texts, including headings, captions, diagrams, indexes, and glossaries.

Writing to learn

Writing-to-learn activities, such as quickwrites and summaries, help students process and consolidate content knowledge during instruction.

Academic vocabulary

Academic vocabulary includes words and phrases used across disciplines, such as analyze, evidence, and compare, necessary for content-area learning.

Summarizing

Summarizing requires identifying main ideas and key details and condensing them into a brief statement that reflects the source text.

Source evaluation

Source evaluation is judging a text's credibility, accuracy, and bias by examining author, purpose, evidence, and publication context.