OGE Biology study guide
OGE Biology · Work through your exam, one topic at a time.
The OGE in Biology (ОГЭ по биологии) is the Russian basic state examination taken at the end of 9th grade. It serves two purposes: it contributes to the final school-leaving marks and it is used for admission to some secondary vocational programmes, particularly medical and agricultural colleges. The OGE Biology study guide has 7 sections and about 2,201 words.
01Biology as a Science: Methods and Signs of Life
Biology is the science of living nature. Its branches (botany, zoology, anatomy, physiology, ecology, genetics, microbiology) each study a different level or group of organisms, but they share common methods : observation, description, comparison, experiment, modelling and measurement.
300 words, about 2 min02Levels of Organisation of Life and Cell Chemistry
Life is organised hierarchically: molecule → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism → population → species → biogeocoenosis (ecosystem) → biosphere . Each level has its own laws, and exam questions often ask which level a given object belongs to.
306 words, about 2 min03Cell Structure and Cell Division
All cells share a plasma membrane , cytoplasm and genetic material. Prokaryotes (bacteria) lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; their DNA lies in the nucleoid.
272 words, about 1 min04Bacteria, Fungi and Plants: Structure, Life Activity, Classification
Bacteria are prokaryotic, mostly single-celled, with a cell wall, capsule, flagella and a nucleoid. They reproduce by simple binary fission, can form spores, and are classified by shape (cocci, bacilli, spirilla) and by nutrition (autotrophic, heterotrophic, saprotrophic, parasitic).
291 words, about 1 min05Animals: Structure, Life Activity and Classification
Animals are eukaryotic, heterotrophic, motile (at least in some stage) organisms with nervous tissue and, in most, specialised organ systems. Classification: kingdom → phylum → class → order → family → genus → species.
246 words, about 1 min06The Human Body and Health: Systems, Hygiene, First Aid
The human body is studied by anatomy (structure) and physiology (function); hygiene studies health preservation. Organ systems must be known by function: musculoskeletal (support, movement), digestive (breakdown and absorption), respiratory (gas exchange in alveoli), circulatory (transport; heart with four chambers, systemic and pulmonary circuits), excretory (kidneys filter blood, form urine), nervous (regulation, reflexes), endocrine (hormones), reproductive, and immune/lymphatic defence.
271 words, about 1 min07Ecology, the Biosphere and Human Influence on Nature
Ecology studies relationships of organisms with each other and with the environment. Key concepts: ecosystem (biogeocoenosis) - a community plus its abiotic environment; biocenosis - living components; biotope - physical environment.
515 words, about 3 min