TExES ESL Supplemental 154 flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Phoneme

The smallest unit of sound that distinguishes meaning in a language, such as /p/ versus /b/ in "pat" and "bat"; English has roughly 44 phonemes.

Morpheme

The smallest unit of meaning in a word. Free morphemes stand alone ("book"); bound morphemes must attach to other morphemes ("-s", "un-").

Krashen's input hypothesis

Krashen's claim that learners acquire language by understanding input slightly beyond their current level, labeled i+1, when meaning is supported by context.

Affective filter

Krashen's construct describing how anxiety, low motivation, and low self-confidence block comprehensible input; a low filter allows acquisition to proceed.

BICS

Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills: context-embedded conversational fluency used in social settings, typically developing in about two years of exposure to the second language.

CALP

Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency: context-reduced, cognitively demanding academic language needed for content learning; typically takes five to seven years to develop.

Silent period

The preproduction stage of second language acquisition in which a newcomer listens and observes without speaking; comprehension develops before oral production is expected.

Language transfer

Influence of the first language on second language learning; positive transfer helps, while negative transfer or interference produces errors such as omitted plural endings.

Zone of proximal development

Vygotsky's term for the gap between what a learner can do independently and what the learner can do with guidance; scaffolding is aimed at this zone.

Language Acquisition Device

Chomsky's nativist concept of an innate, biologically based capacity that lets children acquire language by extracting rules from the input they hear.

Register

A variety of language chosen for a particular audience or purpose; academic register uses technical vocabulary, complex sentences, and formal syntax, unlike conversational register.

ELPS proficiency levels

Texas English Language Proficiency Standards describe four levels-beginning, intermediate, advanced, and advanced high-across listening, speaking, reading, and writing for English learners.

SIOP model

Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol: a lesson-planning framework with eight components, including building background, comprehensible input, interaction, and review and assessment.

Total Physical Response

A comprehension-based method in which learners respond to spoken commands with physical actions; it lowers anxiety and suits beginning-level English learners.

Formative assessment

Ongoing, low-stakes checks during instruction-observation, exit tickets, questioning-that inform immediate teaching decisions, contrasted with summative end-of-unit evaluation of learning.

TELPAS

Texas English Language Proficiency Assessment System, which measures K-12 English learners in listening, speaking, reading, and writing; speaking and writing are holistically rated.

LPAC

Language Proficiency Assessment Committee: the Texas campus committee that reviews data, identifies and places English learners, recommends program placement, monitors progress, and decides exit.

Sheltered instruction

Teaching grade-level content in English using scaffolds-visuals, modeled language, sentence frames, cooperative tasks-so English learners access curriculum while developing proficiency.

Two-way dual language

A program integrating native English speakers and English learners who learn together in both languages, aiming for bilingualism and biliteracy for all participants.

Criterion-referenced test

An assessment that reports performance against a defined standard or skill set rather than comparing the student with other test takers; useful for mastery decisions.

Scaffolding

Temporary, graduated supports such as modeling, graphic organizers, and sentence frames that are withdrawn as the learner becomes able to perform independently.

Wait time

The pause of several seconds a teacher allows after asking a question; longer wait time increases participation and response quality for English learners.

Lau v. Nichols

1974 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that providing instruction only in English to students who do not understand English denies a meaningful education, requiring language support.

Castañeda v. Pickett

1981 ruling establishing a three-part test for bilingual programs: based on sound educational theory, implemented with adequate resources, and evaluated for effectiveness.

Plyler v. Doe

1982 U.S. Supreme Court decision holding that schools cannot deny enrollment to students based on immigration status; undocumented children may attend free public school.

Title III

Federal grant program under ESSA that funds English learner services and requires annual English proficiency assessment plus accountability for English learner progress.

Texas Chapter 89

State rules requiring bilingual education when 20 or more English learners of the same language are enrolled in a grade level, and ESL programs otherwise.

Additive bilingualism

An approach in which a second language is added while the first language and culture are maintained, associated with stronger academic outcomes than subtractive replacement.

Ethnocentrism

Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own and viewing them as inferior; it interferes with culturally responsive teaching and with accurate interpretation of student behavior.

Funds of knowledge

The skills, experiences, and knowledge found in students' households and communities, which teachers can draw on to make instruction relevant and meaningful.

Acculturation

The process of adapting to a new culture, often described as assimilation, integration, separation, or marginalization depending on whether the heritage culture is retained.

Epstein's six types

A framework of school-family-community involvement: parenting, communicating, volunteering, learning at home, decision making, and collaborating with the community.