AAFCS CFCS (Composite) cheat sheet

Erikson's eight psychosocial stages pair each life phase with a crisis: trust vs. mistrust (infancy) through integrity vs. despair (late adulthood).

Piaget's stages are sensorimotor (0-2), preoperational (2-7), concrete operational (7-11), and formal operational (11+); object permanence emerges in the sensorimotor stage.

Bronfenbrenner's ecological model nests microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem; the microsystem is the innermost setting of direct interaction.

Bowlby and Ainsworth describe attachment patterns as secure, anxious-ambivalent, avoidant, and disorganized; secure attachment follows consistent, responsive caregiving.

Kohlberg's moral reasoning progresses preconventional, conventional, postconventional; Gilligan critiqued it for undervaluing an ethic of care.

Family life cycle stages run from launching single adult through families with young children, adolescents, launching children, and later life; each stage carries predictable tasks.

Baumrind's parenting styles are authoritative (high warmth, high demand), authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved; authoritative is linked to best child outcomes.

Maslow's hierarchy orders needs physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization; lower needs generally precede higher ones.

Maillard browning occurs between reducing sugars and amino groups of proteins at roughly 140-165 C and is accelerated by alkaline pH and low moisture.

Caramelization is sugar pyrolysis without protein; it begins near 160 C for sucrose and produces bitter-sweet compounds distinct from Maillard products.

Emulsions are stabilized by emulsifiers lowering interfacial tension; oil-in-water (mayonnaise) versus water-in-oil (butter) depends on the continuous phase.

Starch gelatinization begins around 60-70 C with water uptake and granule swelling; cooling causes retrogradation and syneresis (weeping).

The danger zone is 4-60 C (40-140 F); bacteria multiply fastest here, and two-hour limits apply to perishable foods at room temperature.

Collagen converts to gelatin with moist heat over long time; this tenderizes tough cuts, whereas dry heat toughens them.

pH and water activity (aw) govern microbial growth; aw below 0.85 generally inhibits bacterial growth, and low-acid canned goods (pH above 4.6) require pressure canning.

Gluten forms when glutenin and gliadin hydrate and are worked; fat and sugar shorten gluten strands, tenderizing baked goods.

Energy values: carbohydrate 4 kcal/g, protein 4 kcal/g, fat 9 kcal/g, alcohol 7 kcal/g.

AMDR ranges: carbohydrate 45-65%, fat 20-35%, protein 10-35% of total energy for adults.

Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K require dietary fat for absorption; water-soluble B vitamins and C are not stored appreciably.

MyPlate proportions: half the plate fruits and vegetables, one quarter grains, one quarter protein, with a dairy serving alongside.

Body mass index = weight (kg) / height (m)^2; adult categories are underweight below 18.5, normal 18.5-24.9, overweight 25-29.9, obese 30 and above.

The Dietary Reference Intakes include RDA, AI, UL, and EAR; the UL is the highest daily intake unlikely to cause adverse effects.

Iron absorption is enhanced by vitamin C and inhibited by phytates, tannins, and calcium; heme iron from animal sources absorbs more efficiently than nonheme.

Folate deficiency in pregnancy raises neural tube defect risk; the critical window is early gestation, and fortified grain products supply folic acid.

Opportunity cost is the value of the next-best alternative forgone when a resource is allocated to one use.

Compound interest formula: A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt); simple interest is I = P × r × t.

Rule of 72: years to double a sum at rate r percent is approximately 72/r.

A budget balances income against fixed, flexible, and discretionary expenses; fixed costs do not vary with usage while variable costs do.

Emergency funds conventionally hold three to six months of essential living expenses.

Consumer credit costs are stated as annual percentage rate (APR), which includes interest and certain fees, enabling cross-lender comparison.

Maslow-based and needs-versus-wants frameworks guide spending decisions; wants are deferrable without harm while needs are not.

Depreciation and resale value affect total cost of ownership; total cost includes purchase price, operating costs, maintenance, and residual value.

Elements of design are line, form, space, texture, color, and pattern; principles are balance, rhythm, emphasis, proportion/scale, and unity/harmony.

Color schemes: monochromatic (one hue), analogous (adjacent hues), complementary (opposite hues), split-complementary, and triad.

The color wheel's primary hues are red, yellow, blue; secondary hues are orange, green, violet.

Traffic patterns and work triangles in kitchens: the sink, range, and refrigerator form a triangle with legs ideally totaling 13-26 feet.

Universal design's seven principles include equitable use, flexibility, simple intuitive use, perceptible information, tolerance for error, low physical effort, and appropriate size/space.

Clear floor space for wheelchair turning is a 60-inch diameter circle; accessible routes are typically 36 inches wide.

Lighting layers are ambient, task, and accent; color rendering index (CRI) rates how faithfully a source renders color.

Ergonomic standards use anthropometric percentiles; design for the 5th-percentile female reach and 95th-percentile male clearance.

Natural cellulosic fibers (cotton, linen) burn like paper, char, and smell of burning leaves; protein fibers (wool, silk) smell of burning hair and form crushable beads.

Fabric construction types are woven (warp and weft), knit (interlocking loops, stretchy), nonwoven (bonded fibers), and composite.

Woven weaves: plain, twill (diagonal), satin (lustrous float), and pile; knits include weft (jersey) and warp (tricot).

Fiber properties: absorbency, tenacity, elasticity, resiliency, and luster determine end use; polyester is strong, hydrophobic, and low-resiliency compared with wool.

The fashion cycle stages are introduction, rise, peak, decline, and obsolescence; classic styles persist beyond a single cycle.

Draping and flat pattern methods convert a design to a pattern; grainline alignment with warp affects garment hang and fit.

Care labeling and fiber content disclosure are consumer protections; ASTM and ISO standards govern test methods like colorfastness and pilling.

Sustainable textiles consider fiber source, water and energy use, dye effluent, and end-of-life recyclability across the product life cycle.

Hotel revenue metrics: occupancy = rooms sold / rooms available; ADR = room revenue / rooms sold; RevPAR = ADR × occupancy.

The four sectors of hospitality are lodging, food and beverage, travel/tourism, and recreation/events.

Tourism demand is affected by seasonality, disposable income, exchange rates, and safety perceptions; elasticity measures responsiveness to price.

Yield management adjusts room rates by forecast demand to maximize RevPAR while balancing occupancy and rate.

Food cost percentage = cost of food sold / food sales; labor cost percentage is computed the same way against sales.

The guest service cycle spans pre-arrival, arrival, stay, departure, and post-stay; service recovery addresses failures at each touchpoint.

Event planning steps: needs assessment, budgeting, site selection, vendor contracting, logistics, execution, and post-event evaluation.

Tourism impacts are economic (multiplier effect), sociocultural, and environmental; carrying capacity limits sustainable visitor volume.

Bloom's taxonomy revised order: remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, create; higher-order objectives target analyze and above.

Backward design sequences desired results, acceptable evidence, then learning activities.

Formative assessment informs instruction during learning; summative assessment evaluates learning at the end.

Reliability concerns consistency of a measure; validity concerns whether it measures what it claims; validity requires some reliability but not vice versa.

Learning domains are cognitive, affective, and psychomotor; psychomotor objectives use observable action verbs.

Differentiated instruction adjusts content, process, or product to learner readiness, interest, and profile.

Reflective practice (Schön's reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action) links experience to professional growth.

Continuing education units (CEUs) and recertification cycles maintain professional competence; scope of practice defines permitted activities.

Leadership styles include autocratic, democratic/participative, laissez-faire, transactional, and transformational; transformational aligns vision with follower development.

Situational leadership matches style (directing, coaching, supporting, delegating) to follower maturity and competence.

Conflict modes from Thomas-Kilmann: competing, collaborating, compromising, avoiding, accommodating; collaborating seeks win-win.

Ethical frameworks: deontology (duty/rules), utilitarianism (greatest good), virtue ethics (character), and ethics of care (relationships).

A code of ethics states enforceable standards; a conflict of interest arises when personal interest could bias professional judgment.

SMART goals are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound.

Effective teams move through forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning (Tuckman).

Confidentiality, informed consent, and mandatory reporting are core professional obligations; documentation supports accountability.