ABOG Gynecologic Oncology flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Cervical cancer screening stop age

Cervical screening can stop after age 65 when prior screening is adequate and negative and there has been no CIN2 or worse in the preceding 25 years.

AGC colposcopy and sampling

Atypical glandular cells on cervical cytology require colposcopy with endocervical sampling; endometrial sampling is added for women age 35 or older or when endometrial cancer is suspected.

Postmenopausal bleeding endometrial thickness

In postmenopausal bleeding, endometrial thickness of 4 mm or less on transvaginal ultrasound has high negative predictive value, but persistent or recurrent bleeding still warrants endometrial biopsy.

Ovarian cancer screening average risk

Routine screening with CA125 or transvaginal ultrasound is not recommended for average-risk women because it has not reduced ovarian cancer mortality and can cause false-positive surgery.

Lynch syndrome endometrial screening

Universal testing of endometrial cancers with mismatch repair immunohistochemistry or microsatellite instability identifies Lynch syndrome; abnormal results require germline genetic testing and counseling.

Ovarian cancer staging surgery components

Comprehensive staging includes hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, omentectomy, pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy, peritoneal biopsies, and cytology to detect occult spread.

Sentinel node endometrial cancer

Sentinel lymph node mapping with indocyanine green can stage early endometrial cancer while reducing full lymphadenectomy and its associated lymphedema risk in selected patients.

Vulvar cancer node evaluation

Vulvar tumors with invasion greater than 1 mm require inguinofemoral lymph node assessment; sentinel node biopsy is suitable for selected unifocal tumors up to 4 cm with negative groins.

Interval cytoreduction ovarian cancer

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval cytoreductive surgery is used for advanced ovarian cancer when primary complete debulking is not feasible; goal is no visible residual disease.

Radical hysterectomy cervical cancer

Radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy treats selected early cervical cancer; definitive chemoradiation is an alternative, and sentinel node biopsy may replace full pelvic dissection in favorable cases.

First-line ovarian chemotherapy

First-line epithelial ovarian cancer chemotherapy is paclitaxel plus carboplatin; bevacizumab and PARP inhibitor maintenance are chosen using stage, BRCA mutation, and homologous recombination deficiency status.

Endometrial cancer pembrolizumab lenvatinib

For advanced or recurrent mismatch repair proficient endometrial cancer, pembrolizumab plus lenvatinib is an option; mismatch repair deficient tumors may receive pembrolizumab alone or with chemotherapy.

Cervical cancer KEYNOTE-826 regimen

For persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer, pembrolizumab is added to platinum plus paclitaxel with or without bevacizumab when tumors are PD-L1 positive.

Low-risk GTN treatment

Low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia is treated with single-agent methotrexate or actinomycin D; high-risk disease receives multiagent chemotherapy such as EMA-CO.

Carboplatin Calvert formula

The Calvert formula calculates carboplatin dose as target area under the curve multiplied by measured glomerular filtration rate plus 25; it avoids fixed dosing based only on body size.

Definitive cervical chemoradiation

Definitive cervical cancer chemoradiation combines external beam radiation, weekly cisplatin, and image-guided brachytherapy; avoiding treatment prolongation improves locoregional control and survival.

Vaginal brachytherapy endometrial cancer

Vaginal cuff brachytherapy reduces vaginal recurrence in selected endometrial cancer patients after hysterectomy; it is often used for high-intermediate risk disease with limited pelvic radiation indications.

Concurrent cisplatin radiation

Concurrent cisplatin with radiation is a standard radiosensitizing strategy for locally advanced cervical cancer and is also used in selected vulvar cancer settings.

Whole abdominal radiotherapy ovarian

Whole-abdominal radiotherapy is not standard primary treatment for ovarian cancer because chemotherapy is more effective; localized palliative radiation may relieve symptoms from recurrent or metastatic disease.

High-grade serous ovarian molecular

High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma usually has TP53 mutations and frequent homologous recombination deficiency; low-grade serous carcinoma more often has KRAS or BRAF mutations.

Endometrial molecular classification

Endometrial cancer molecular groups are POLE ultramutated, mismatch repair deficient, p53 abnormal, and no specific molecular profile; these categories carry different prognoses and treatment implications.

HPV E6 E7 effects

High-risk HPV E6 inactivates p53 and E7 inactivates retinoblastoma protein, disrupting cell cycle control and contributing to cervical carcinogenesis.

ARID1A clear cell ovarian

Ovarian clear cell carcinoma is associated with ARID1A and PIK3CA mutations; endometrioid ovarian carcinoma is associated with PTEN, PIK3CA, KRAS, and CTNNB1 alterations.

MMR deficiency immunotherapy

Mismatch repair deficiency and microsatellite instability predict benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors in endometrial cancer and other gynecologic malignancies.

Intention-to-treat analysis

Intention-to-treat analysis includes all randomized patients in the groups assigned, preserving randomization and reducing bias from dropout or crossover.

Overall survival endpoint

Overall survival measures time from randomization or diagnosis to death from any cause and is the most definitive endpoint in oncology trials because it is unambiguous.

Hazard ratio interpretation

A hazard ratio compares instantaneous event risk between groups over time; below 1 favors the experimental arm when the event is adverse, and the confidence interval indicates precision.

Screening lead-time bias

Lead-time bias makes screening appear to prolong survival because diagnosis occurs earlier, even if the time of death is unchanged; it is a key limitation of survival comparisons.

Febrile neutropenia empiric antibiotics

Febrile neutropenia requires prompt empiric broad-spectrum antipseudomonal antibiotics after cultures; delay increases risk of sepsis and death.

Malignant bowel obstruction management

Malignant bowel obstruction can be palliated with octreotide, dexamethasone, and antiemetics; surgery is reserved for selected patients with a reasonable performance status and reversible cause.

Hospice eligibility prognosis

Hospice eligibility generally requires a prognosis of six months or less if the disease follows its expected course, with emphasis on comfort and goals of care.

Lymphedema after lymphadenectomy

Lymphedema after pelvic or inguinal lymphadenectomy is managed with compression garments, manual lymphatic drainage, and exercise; prompt treatment of cellulitis reduces exacerbations.