ABP Sports Medicine flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Preparticipation exam frequency

The PPE is recommended annually for athletes, with a comprehensive history and physical examination; the history alone identifies most conditions that restrict participation or increase risk.

AHA 14-point history

A standardized cardiovascular screening tool asking about exertional chest pain, syncope, dyspnea, family history of sudden death before age 50, and known heart disease.

Pediatric hypertension threshold

In children and adolescents, hypertension is blood pressure at or above the 95th percentile for age, sex, and height on at least three separate occasions.

Clearance categories

PPE clearance options include cleared, cleared after additional evaluation, not cleared, and clearance pending; documentation should state restrictions and follow-up requirements.

ATP-PC system duration

The phosphagen system supplies energy for maximal efforts lasting roughly 0 to 10 seconds, using stored creatine phosphate to regenerate ATP rapidly without oxygen.

Tanaka max heart rate

Estimated maximal heart rate equals 208 minus 0.7 times age; it is more accurate than 220 minus age, especially in children and older adults.

Carbohydrate loading intake

For high-intensity training or competition, athletes may consume 8 to 12 grams of carbohydrate per kilogram per day; postexercise recovery uses 1 to 1.2 grams per kilogram per hour.

Female athlete triad components

The triad consists of low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density; it exists on a spectrum and can occur without all three components.

Ottawa ankle rules

Ankle radiography is indicated with malleolar pain plus tenderness at the posterior lateral malleolus or distal 6 cm, navicular, or fifth metatarsal base, or inability to bear weight four steps.

Lachman test

The Lachman test assesses anterior cruciate ligament integrity by pulling the tibia anteriorly with the knee flexed 20 to 30 degrees; it is highly sensitive for ACL tears.

Salter-Harris classification

Types I through V describe physeal fractures: I through the physis, II through physis and metaphysis, III through physis and epiphysis, IV through both, V crush injury.

Compartment syndrome pressure

Acute compartment syndrome is suggested by pain, paresthesia, pallor, paralysis, and pulselessness; compartment pressure within 30 mmHg of diastolic pressure supports urgent fasciotomy.

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction

EIB causes cough, wheeze, or dyspnea minutes after exercise; a 10% or greater fall in FEV1 after exercise challenge confirms diagnosis, and pre-exercise short-acting beta-agonist helps.

Mononucleosis return to sport

After infectious mononucleosis, avoid contact sports for at least four weeks and until splenomegaly resolves, because splenic rupture risk persists during the first month.

Sickle cell trait precautions

Athletes with sickle cell trait should hydrate, acclimate gradually, and avoid extreme exertion in heat or altitude; exertional collapse requires immediate cooling and emergency evaluation.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy restriction

HCM is a leading cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes; most affected athletes should avoid competitive collision, high-intensity, and endurance sports per guidelines.

Commotio cordis

A blunt chest impact during a vulnerable cardiac cycle can trigger ventricular fibrillation; immediate CPR and defibrillation are critical, and survival falls with delayed response.

Exertional heat stroke treatment

Exertional heat stroke presents with core temperature above 40 degrees Celsius and central nervous system dysfunction; immediate cold-water immersion is the priority, and antipyretics are ineffective.

Epinephrine anaphylaxis dose

Intramuscular epinephrine 0.01 mg per kilogram, maximum 0.3 to 0.5 mg, is given into the lateral thigh and repeated every 5 to 15 minutes as needed.

Cervical spine immobilization

Suspected cervical injury requires manual stabilization, spinal motion restriction, and log-roll transfer; helmets and pads are removed only when needed for airway or CPR.

Concussion return-to-play stages

Return to sport follows gradual steps from symptom-limited activity through light aerobic exercise, sport-specific drills, noncontact training, full contact, and game play, with 24 hours between stages.

ACL return criteria

Before return after ACL reconstruction, athletes typically need 9 to 12 months, quadriceps strength at least 90% of the uninvolved limb, and passing hop tests.

Neuromuscular ACL prevention

Neuromuscular warm-up programs emphasizing landing mechanics, balance, and cutting reduce ACL injury rates in young athletes, especially when performed consistently.

Ankle sprain prevention

Balance and proprioceptive training after lateral ankle sprain reduces recurrence risk; bracing or taping during high-risk sport also lowers reinjury.

Autonomic dysreflexia

In spinal cord injury above T6, noxious stimuli can cause severe hypertension, headache, and bradycardia; sit the athlete upright, remove the trigger, and treat urgently.

Pregnancy exercise guidance

Pregnant athletes generally can perform 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise weekly, avoiding contact, scuba diving, high altitude, and prolonged supine positions.

Youth strength training

Supervised strength training in children and adolescents is safe and effective when technique is emphasized, loads are appropriate, and growth plate injury is avoided.

RED-S definition

Relative energy deficiency in sport results from insufficient energy availability, impairing metabolism, bone health, immunity, menstrual function, and performance.

Emergency action plan

An EAP specifies roles, communication, equipment location, and transfer routes; it should be rehearsed annually with all staff and adapted to each venue.

Negligence elements

A negligence claim requires duty, breach of the standard of care, causation, and damages; documentation and appropriate emergency planning help demonstrate reasonable care.

Therapeutic use exemption

A TUE permits an athlete to use a prohibited medication for a legitimate medical indication; it must be approved by the relevant anti-doping organization before competition.

Minor informed consent

For minors, consent generally requires a parent or guardian, plus the athlete's assent; emergency treatment may proceed under implied consent when delay is dangerous.