ABPS Integrative Medicine flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Integrative medicine definition

Patient-centered care combining conventional and evidence-informed complementary approaches, emphasizing the whole person, therapeutic relationship, and shared decision-making rather than replacing conventional treatment.

Biopsychosocial model

A framework holding that biological, psychological, and social factors jointly determine health, illness, and treatment response, guiding assessment beyond purely biomedical explanations.

Placebo effect

A measurable improvement in symptoms or physiology produced by expectation, conditioning, and treatment context rather than by a specific active mechanism of the intervention.

Salutogenesis

Antonovsky's model focusing on health-promoting resources and a sense of coherence, explaining why some people stay well under stress rather than focusing on disease causes.

Energy density values

Macronutrient energy: fat 9 kcal/g, carbohydrate 4 kcal/g, protein 4 kcal/g, alcohol 7 kcal/g; used to calculate and compare dietary energy intake.

Dietary reference intakes

A family of nutrient reference values including EAR (median requirement), RDA (covers about 97.5% of healthy people), AI, and UL (highest usual intake unlikely to cause harm).

Standardized botanical extract

A plant product adjusted so a specified marker compound reaches a stated concentration; the marker may not be the active constituent, and products vary across brands.

St. John's wort interaction

This botanical induces CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein, lowering plasma levels of many drugs including oral contraceptives, warfarin, cyclosporine, and some antiretrovirals.

MBSR program structure

Mindfulness-based stress reduction: an 8-week group program with weekly classes, daily home practice, and a day-long retreat, used for stress, anxiety, and chronic pain.

Motivational interviewing

A collaborative, goal-oriented counseling style that evokes and strengthens the patient's own reasons for change, using reflective listening rather than confrontation or advice-giving.

Heart rate variability biofeedback

A technique using real-time heart rhythm feedback, often with slow breathing near six breaths per minute, to increase vagal tone and baroreflex sensitivity.

De qi sensation

The characteristic needling response in acupuncture described as aching, heaviness, distension, or tingling, traditionally sought by practitioners at the needle site.

Acupuncture serious risks

Rare but important harms include pneumothorax from deep thoracic needling, local or systemic infection from nonsterile needles, and bleeding in coagulopathic patients.

Electroacupuncture frequencies

Application of electrical current to needles; low frequency (2-10 Hz) and high frequency (50-100 Hz) are used, with frequency altering endogenous opioid release patterns in animal studies.

Cervical manipulation risk

A rare association with vertebral artery dissection exists for high-velocity cervical manipulation; absolute risk estimates are low and causality remains debated.

Manual therapy red flags

Findings that contraindicate or delay manual therapy: suspected fracture, infection, malignancy, cauda equina syndrome, or progressive neurologic deficit requiring medical evaluation.

Lymphatic drainage technique

A light-pressure massage technique mobilizing superficial edema; contraindicated in decompensated heart failure, acute infection, and untreated thrombosis.

Physical activity guideline

Adults should perform 150-300 minutes weekly of moderate or 75-150 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity plus muscle strengthening on two or more days.

The 5 A's framework

A counseling sequence for behavior change: Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange, used in tobacco cessation and other lifestyle counseling encounters.

Transtheoretical model stages

Stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination; interventions are matched to the patient's current stage.

Low back pain first-line care

Guidelines recommend nonpharmacologic treatment first: education, exercise, cognitive behavioral therapy, spinal manipulation, yoga, and other active approaches before opioids.

Fibromyalgia evidence-based options

Exercise, cognitive behavioral therapy, duloxetine, milnacipran, and pregabalin have RCT support; mind-body therapies are reasonable adjuncts within a multimodal plan.

Prediabetes lifestyle trial effect

Landmark diabetes prevention trials showed that intensive lifestyle change with 5-7% weight loss and increased activity reduced progression to type 2 diabetes substantially.

Pregnancy supplement cautions

High-dose vitamin A is teratogenic; many botanicals lack safety data in pregnancy; folic acid 400-800 mcg is recommended starting before conception.

Menopause vasomotor treatment

Hormone therapy is the most effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms; use is individualized based on symptom burden, risk profile, and patient preference.

Butterbur hepatotoxicity

Butterbur has limited migraine prophylaxis evidence; products must be labeled PA-free because pyrrolizidine alkaloids can cause liver injury.

Number needed to treat

NNT equals 1 divided by the absolute risk reduction; it estimates how many patients must be treated for one additional beneficial outcome.

Intention-to-treat analysis

Analyzing participants in the group to which they were randomized, preserving the benefits of randomization and reducing attrition bias.

Sensitivity and specificity

Sensitivity is the proportion of diseased people correctly identified; specificity is the proportion of nondiseased people correctly identified as negative.

DSHEA regulation

The 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act: supplements are regulated as foods, efficacy need not be proven before marketing, and FDA acts after safety problems arise.

Informed consent elements

Disclosure of diagnosis, proposed intervention, material risks and benefits, reasonable alternatives including no treatment, and the patient's voluntary right to refuse.

Scope of practice

The legally defined set of activities a licensed profession may perform, established by state statutes and boards, varying across jurisdictions and credentials.