Arab Board Pediatrics Part 1 flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Apgar score components

Heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color, each scored 0-2 at 1 and 5 minutes; scores of 7 or more are generally reassuring.

Physiologic anemia of infancy

Hemoglobin nadir around 9-11 g/dL at 8-12 weeks of age due to suppressed erythropoiesis and shorter red cell lifespan; preterm infants have earlier and deeper nadirs.

Tetralogy of Fallot

Congenital heart defect with ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, and right ventricular hypertrophy; right-to-left shunt causes cyanosis and squatting relieves spells.

Kawasaki disease criteria

Fever for at least 5 days plus 4 of 5 features: conjunctivitis, mucosal changes, rash, extremity changes, cervical lymphadenopathy; risk of coronary aneurysms.

Cystic fibrosis diagnosis

Sweat chloride of 60 mmol/L or greater on two occasions, or two disease-causing CFTR mutations, plus a compatible clinical phenotype such as chronic lung disease or malabsorption.

Bronchiolitis management

Most commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus; treatment is supportive with oxygen and hydration; routine bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and antibiotics are not recommended.

Nephrotic syndrome triad

Edema, proteinuria greater than 40 mg/m2/hour, and hypoalbuminemia below 2.5 g/dL, often with hyperlipidemia; minimal change disease is the most common cause in children.

Hemolytic uremic syndrome

Triad of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury; commonly follows Shiga toxin-producing E. coli gastroenteritis.

Congenital hypothyroidism

Elevated TSH with low thyroxine detected on newborn screening; treat promptly with levothyroxine at 10-15 mcg/kg/day to prevent intellectual disability.

Diabetic ketoacidosis management

Correct dehydration slowly over 48 hours, use insulin infusion, replace potassium, and monitor for cerebral edema indicated by headache, bradycardia, and hypertension.

Iron deficiency anemia labs

Microcytic hypochromic anemia with low ferritin, low serum iron, high total iron-binding capacity, and elevated red cell distribution width; treat with oral elemental iron.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Most common childhood malignancy, peaking at ages 2-5 years; presents with pallor, bruising, fatigue, and bone pain; treated with multiagent chemotherapy and CNS prophylaxis.

SCID features

Severe combined immunodeficiency presents with lymphopenia, absent thymus, failure to thrive, and opportunistic infections; live vaccines are contraindicated and hematopoietic stem cell transplant is curative.

Simple febrile seizure

Generalized seizure lasting less than 15 minutes in a child aged 6 months to 5 years with fever, occurring once in 24 hours; routine EEG and neuroimaging are not indicated.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

X-linked disorder with progressive proximal weakness, Gowers sign, calf pseudohypertrophy, and markedly elevated creatine kinase; treated with corticosteroids and supportive care.

Anaphylaxis treatment

Intramuscular epinephrine 0.01 mg/kg of 1:1000 concentration into the lateral thigh, repeated every 5-15 minutes as needed; adjuncts such as antihistamines are secondary.

Surfactant and RDS

Respiratory distress syndrome results from surfactant deficiency in premature infants; early rescue surfactant reduces pneumothorax and mortality when FiO2 exceeds 0.30-0.40.

Ductal-dependent lesions

Congenital heart defects requiring a patent ductus arteriosus for systemic or pulmonary blood flow, such as transposition or critical coarctation; treat with prostaglandin E1 infusion.

Croup treatment

Laryngotracheobronchitis with barking cough and inspiratory stridor; treat with dexamethasone and add nebulized epinephrine for moderate to severe distress.

Intussusception features

Colicky abdominal pain, currant-jelly stools, and a sausage-shaped mass in children aged 3 months to 3 years; air enema is both diagnostic and therapeutic.

Pyloric stenosis

Nonbilious projectile vomiting at 3-6 weeks of age with hypochloremic hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis; treat with Ramstedt pyloromyotomy after correcting electrolytes.

Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

Cola-colored urine, hypertension, and edema 1-2 weeks after streptococcal pharyngitis; low C3 that normalizes within 6-8 weeks; management is supportive.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

21-hydroxylase deficiency causing salt wasting and ambiguous genitalia in females, with elevated 17-hydroxyprogesterone; treat with hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone.

Sickle cell disease management

Hydroxyurea reduces vaso-occlusive crises; penicillin prophylaxis until age 5; ensure pneumococcal and meningococcal vaccination; treat acute chest syndrome aggressively.

Bacterial meningitis CSF

CSF shows neutrophil-predominant pleocytosis, low glucose, and high protein; empiric therapy is ceftriaxone plus vancomycin, with dexamethasone considered before antibiotics.

Status epilepticus treatment

Give a benzodiazepine such as lorazepam 0.1 mg/kg intravenously first, followed by phenytoin, fosphenytoin, or levetiracetam if seizures persist.

Pediatric fluid bolus

In shock, give 20 mL/kg of isotonic crystalloid intravenously and reassess; avoid rapid large boluses in diabetic ketoacidosis and cardiac disease.

Mid-parental height

For boys add 13 cm to the sum of parental heights and divide by 2; for girls subtract 13 cm; the target range is plus or minus 8.5 cm.

Autism red flags

No babbling by 12 months, no pointing or gestures by 12 months, no single words by 16 months, and no two-word phrases by 24 months warrant developmental evaluation.

Celiac disease testing

Screen with tissue transglutaminase IgA and a total IgA level; duodenal biopsy showing villous atrophy confirms diagnosis; treatment is a lifelong gluten-free diet.

Measles clinical features

Koplik spots followed by a maculopapular rash starting at the hairline; highly contagious with airborne precautions; vitamin A is given in severe cases.

Lead screening

Check blood lead at 9-12 months and again at 24 months in at-risk children; levels of 5 mcg/dL or higher require follow-up and source identification.