AEPA Elementary Education (NT102/NT103) cheat sheet

Phonemic awareness = manipulating individual sounds; phonics = mapping sounds to letters; both differ from fluency and vocabulary.

The five essential reading components: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension.

Fluency has three measurable parts: accuracy, rate (words correct per minute), and prosody (expression).

Six syllable types: closed (short vowel), open (long vowel), vowel-consonant-e, vowel team, r-controlled, consonant-le.

Bloom's revised taxonomy order: remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, create.

Persuasive appeals: ethos (credibility), pathos (emotion), logos (logic and evidence).

Figurative language: simile (like/as), metaphor (direct comparison), personification, hyperbole, idiom, onomatopoeia.

Writing process stages: prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, publishing; revising changes content, editing fixes conventions.

Expository text structures: cause-effect, compare-contrast, sequence, problem-solution, description.

Three branches: legislative (makes laws), executive (enforces laws), judicial (interprets laws); checks and balances limit each.

Bill of Rights = first ten amendments; First Amendment covers speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition.

Constitutional principles: popular sovereignty, federalism, separation of powers, checks and balances, limited government.

Three-fifths Compromise counted enslaved people as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation.

Major eras in order: Exploration, Colonial, Revolution, Constitutional, Westward Expansion, Civil War, Reconstruction, Industrialization.

Map essentials: title, legend/key, scale, compass rose, and grid; latitude lines run east-west, longitude runs north-south.

Economics basics: scarcity forces choice; opportunity cost is the next-best alternative given up.

Supply rises with price; demand falls as price rises; equilibrium is where the curves intersect.

Order of operations: parentheses/brackets, exponents, multiply/divide left to right, add/subtract left to right.

Place value: each position is ten times the value of the position to its right.

Fraction operations: add/subtract need common denominators; multiply straight across; divide by multiplying by the reciprocal.

Percent problems: part = percent × whole; convert percent to decimal by dividing by 100.

Area formulas: rectangle l×w, triangle ½bh, circle πr²; circumference = 2πr.

Volume of a rectangular prism = length × width × height; surface area sums the areas of all faces.

Mean = sum ÷ count; median = middle value when ordered; mode = most frequent; range = max − min.

Probability of an event = favorable outcomes ÷ total outcomes; values range from 0 to 1.

Customary conversions: 12 inches = 1 foot, 3 feet = 1 yard, 16 ounces = 1 pound, 4 quarts = 1 gallon.

Scientific method order: question, hypothesis, experiment, collect data, analyze, conclude, communicate.

Independent variable is changed by the experimenter; dependent variable is measured; constants stay the same.

States of matter: solid (fixed shape/volume), liquid (fixed volume, variable shape), gas (variable both); adding heat increases motion.

Water cycle stages: evaporation, condensation, precipitation, collection/runoff.

Food chain order: producer → primary consumer → secondary consumer → decomposer; energy decreases at each level.

Earth's layers outward from center: inner core, outer core, mantle, crust; tectonic plate movement causes earthquakes and volcanoes.

Plant parts: roots absorb water, stems transport, leaves make food via photosynthesis (sunlight + CO₂ + water → glucose + O₂).

Newton's laws: inertia, F = ma, and equal-opposite reaction forces.

Inherited traits come from genes; learned behaviors come from environment and experience.

Elements of art: line, shape, form, space, color, value, texture.

Principles of design: balance, contrast, emphasis, movement, pattern, rhythm, unity.

Primary colors (red, yellow, blue) mix to form secondary colors (orange, green, violet).

Warm colors (red, orange, yellow) advance; cool colors (blue, green, violet) recede.

Color wheel relationships: complementary colors sit opposite; analogous colors sit adjacent.

Music elements: melody, harmony, rhythm, tempo, dynamics, timbre, form.

Note values: whole = 4 beats, half = 2, quarter = 1, eighth = ½ in 4/4 time.

Instrument families: strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion.

Dance elements use the acronym BASTE: body, action, space, time, energy.

Five health-related fitness components: cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition.

FITT principle: Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type.

Target heart rate ≈ (220 − age) × 0.60 to 0.85.

Aerobic activity is sustained with oxygen; anaerobic is short and intense without relying on oxygen.

Skill-related fitness components: agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, speed.

MyPlate groups: fruits, vegetables, grains, protein, dairy; half the plate should be fruits and vegetables.

Macronutrients: carbohydrates and fats supply energy; protein builds and repairs tissue.

Communicable diseases spread person-to-person via pathogens; noncommunicable diseases do not.

RICE for injury care: Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation.