AEPA Music (NT504) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Major scale pattern

The major scale follows the interval pattern whole, whole, half, whole, whole, whole, half. Starting on any pitch and applying this pattern produces a major scale.

Natural minor scale

The natural minor scale uses whole, half, whole, whole, half, whole, whole. It shares a key signature with its relative major, whose tonic lies a minor third above.

Harmonic minor scale

The harmonic minor scale raises the seventh degree of natural minor by one half step. This alteration creates a leading tone and an augmented second between the sixth and seventh degrees.

Authentic cadence

An authentic cadence moves from dominant harmony to tonic, V to I or V to i. A perfect authentic cadence has both chords in root position and the tonic in the highest voice.

Deceptive cadence

A deceptive cadence moves from dominant to submediant, usually V to vi in major or V to VI in minor. It frustrates the expected tonic arrival and often extends a phrase.

Sonata form sections

Sonata form typically contains an exposition, a development, and a recapitulation, often preceded by an introduction and followed by a coda. The exposition presents themes; the recapitulation restates them in the tonic.

Rondo form

Rondo form alternates a recurring refrain with contrasting episodes, commonly ABACA or ABACABA. The refrain returns in the tonic key, while episodes introduce contrasting material and often new keys.

Bb clarinet transposition

A B-flat clarinet sounds a major second lower than written. To transpose its written part to concert pitch, move every note down one whole step or up an eleventh.

Gregorian chant

Gregorian chant is monophonic, modal, Latin liturgical music of the medieval Roman Church. It is sung without instrumental accompaniment and moves in free, nonmetric rhythm shaped by the text.

Organum

Organum is an early polyphonic practice in which one or more additional voices are added to a preexisting chant. Medieval organum ranges from parallel motion to florid Notre Dame settings.

Basso continuo

Basso continuo is a Baroque accompaniment consisting of a bass line with figured-bass numerals. Keyboard and a melodic bass instrument realize the harmony from those figures.

Ritornello form

Ritornello form features a recurring orchestral refrain, the ritornello, alternating with contrasting solo or episodic passages. It is common in Baroque concertos and often returns in related keys.

Lied

A Lied is a German art song for solo voice and piano, especially from the Romantic era. Its poetry and piano accompaniment are closely integrated to express mood and narrative.

Program music

Program music is instrumental music that depicts or suggests a story, scene, or idea, often identified by a title or program. Romantic examples include symphonic poems and program symphonies.

Twelve-tone technique

Twelve-tone technique orders all twelve pitch classes into a row used in original, inversion, retrograde, and retrograde-inversion forms. Schoenberg developed it as a method of organizing atonal composition.

Gamelan

Gamelan is an Indonesian ensemble tradition, especially associated with Java and Bali, built largely from metallophones, gongs, drums, and sometimes voices. Interlocking parts and cyclic structures are characteristic.

Détaché bowing

Détaché is a string bowing in which each note receives a separate bow stroke with a smooth, connected change of direction. It contrasts with slurred and staccato bowings.

Spiccato

Spiccato is a string bowing in which the bow bounces off the string, producing separated, crisp notes. It is often used at moderate tempos and requires a controlled, relaxed bow hand.

Sul ponticello

Sul ponticello means playing a string instrument with the bow very close to the bridge. It produces a thin, bright, overtone-rich sound with an eerie color.

Double reed

A double-reed instrument uses two cane reeds that vibrate against each other. Oboe and bassoon are common double-reed instruments, producing a focused, nasal timbre.

Overtone series

The overtone series is the sequence of harmonics above a fundamental pitch, numbered from the fundamental as the first partial. Brass instruments and natural horns rely on it for pitch production.

Passaggio

Passaggio is the transition zone between vocal registers, where a singer adjusts resonance and airflow. Managing it smoothly helps maintain consistent timbre across the range.

Falsetto

Falsetto is a high vocal register, especially in male voices, produced by light, edge-only vocal-fold vibration. It sounds breathy or flute-like and is used for expressive or comic effects.

Timpani tuning

Timpani are tuned by adjusting pedal tension or tuning handles that change drumhead tension. Modern orchestral sets typically use pedal timpani, allowing rapid pitch changes within a piece.

National Core Arts Standards

The National Core Arts Standards organize arts learning around creating, performing or presenting, responding, and connecting. They provide grade-level expectations for music and other arts disciplines.

Formative assessment

Formative assessment gathers evidence during instruction to guide teaching and learning. Examples include questioning, exit tickets, and observed rehearsals rather than final grades.

Summative assessment

Summative assessment evaluates learning at the end of a unit, course, or performance cycle. It often uses concerts, portfolios, written exams, or rubrics to assign a final judgment.

Zone of proximal development

Vygotsky's zone of proximal development is the range between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with skilled guidance. Instruction targets that range.

IEP

An Individualized Education Program is a legally required plan for a student with a disability who qualifies for special education. It specifies goals, services, accommodations, and placement.

Least restrictive environment

Least restrictive environment is the legal principle that students with disabilities should be educated with peers without disabilities to the maximum appropriate extent. Supplementary aids and services support inclusion.

Spiral curriculum

A spiral curriculum revisits key concepts at increasing levels of complexity across grade levels. Bruner argued that fundamental ideas can be taught in intellectually honest forms to young learners.

Mandated reporting

Mandated reporting is the legal duty of school personnel to report suspected child abuse or neglect to designated authorities. Teachers typically must report promptly and follow district procedures.