AEPA APK Elementary (NT051) cheat sheet

The five essential components of reading instruction are phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension.

Phonological awareness is the umbrella skill of hearing and manipulating spoken sounds; phonemic awareness is its narrowest level, isolating individual phonemes.

The alphabetic principle is the understanding that letters and letter patterns map predictably onto speech sounds.

Fluency comprises accuracy, automaticity, and prosody; it is typically measured as correct words per minute plus expression.

The simple view of reading: reading comprehension = decoding × language comprehension, so a weakness in either factor limits comprehension.

Explicit, systematic phonics instruction is more effective than incidental or embedded phonics for beginning and struggling readers.

The writing process stages are planning, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing; revising addresses content and organization, editing addresses conventions.

Narrative text structure uses story grammar (characters, setting, initiating event, problem, resolution); expository text uses compare-contrast, cause-effect, sequence, description, and problem-solution structures.

A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning (prefix, root, suffix); teaching morphology supports vocabulary and spelling beyond basic phonics.

Place value is base-ten positional: each place to the left is ten times the value of the place to its right.

The commutative and associative properties apply to addition and multiplication; the distributive property links multiplication over addition: a(b + c) = ab + ac.

Fraction equivalence: multiplying numerator and denominator by the same nonzero number yields an equivalent fraction; comparison requires a common numerator, denominator, or benchmark.

Multiplication of fractions: (a/b) × (c/d) = (ac)/(bd); division by a fraction is multiplication by its reciprocal.

Area of a rectangle = length × width; area of a triangle = ½ × base × height; circumference = πd; area of a circle = πr².

Volume of a rectangular prism = length × width × height; volume of a cylinder = πr²h.

Mean = sum ÷ number of values; median = middle value of ordered data; mode = most frequent value; range = maximum − minimum.

The probability of an event = favorable outcomes ÷ total equally likely outcomes, ranging from 0 to 1.

Customary conversions: 12 inches = 1 foot, 3 feet = 1 yard, 16 ounces = 1 pound; metric: 1,000 millimeters = 1 meter, 1,000 meters = 1 kilometer.

The scientific method cycle: question, hypothesis, controlled experiment, data collection, analysis, conclusion, and communication of results.

In a controlled experiment the independent variable is manipulated, the dependent variable is measured, and all other variables are held constant.

Photosynthesis converts light energy, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen inside chloroplasts using chlorophyll.

Cellular respiration releases energy from glucose using oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water; it occurs in the mitochondria.

Food chains transfer energy from producers to consumers to decomposers; only about 10 percent of energy passes to the next trophic level.

The water cycle processes are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and collection/runoff.

Earth's rotation on its axis causes day and night; its revolution around the Sun causes the seasons, along with axial tilt.

Physical changes alter form or state without creating new substances; chemical changes produce new substances with different properties.

The three states of matter differ in particle spacing and motion: solids are closely packed and vibrate, liquids flow, gases expand to fill containers.

The three branches of U.S. government are legislative (makes laws), executive (enforces laws), and judicial (interprets laws); checks and balances limit each branch.

The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, protecting freedoms such as speech, religion, and due process.

Federalism divides power between national and state governments; the Tenth Amendment reserves unlisted powers to the states or the people.

The Declaration of Independence (1776) asserts natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness and justifies separation from Britain.

Map essentials: title, legend/key, scale, compass rose, and grid; latitude lines run east-west and measure distance north or south of the equator.

Absolute location uses coordinates (latitude and longitude); relative location describes position compared with other places.

The five themes of geography are location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, and region.

Major ancient river civilizations developed near water: Mesopotamia (Tigris-Euphrates), Egypt (Nile), India (Indus), China (Huang He).

Economic systems answer three questions: what to produce, how to produce it, and for whom; scarcity forces choices with opportunity costs.

The elements of art are line, shape, form, color, value, texture, and space; the principles of design include balance, contrast, emphasis, movement, pattern, rhythm, and unity.

Primary colors (red, yellow, blue in traditional pigment theory) mix to form secondary colors (orange, green, violet); complementary colors lie opposite on the color wheel.

Warm colors (red, orange, yellow) advance visually; cool colors (blue, green, violet) recede.

The musical elements are rhythm, melody, harmony, form, texture, dynamics, and timbre; pitch is highness or lowness determined by frequency.

A quarter note receives one beat in 4/4 time; a half note receives two; a whole note receives four.

Instrument families are strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion; the voice is classified as soprano, alto, tenor, or bass.

Drama conventions include plot, character, setting, dialogue, monologue, stage directions, and conflict; tableau is a frozen pose.

Dance elements are body, action, space, time, and energy (the BASTE framework).

The six nutrients are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water; carbohydrates are the body's primary energy source.

MyPlate divides the plate into fruits, vegetables, grains, protein foods, and dairy, with half the plate devoted to fruits and vegetables.

The FITT principle for fitness is Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type of activity.

Aerobic activity strengthens the heart and lungs; resistance training builds muscular strength and endurance; stretching improves flexibility.

The five components of health-related fitness are cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition.

Communicable diseases spread through pathogens via contact, airborne droplets, vectors, or contaminated food and water; handwashing is the most effective prevention.

The stages of grief described by Kübler-Ross are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

Refusal skills include saying no clearly, giving a reason, suggesting an alternative, and leaving the situation.

The three learning domains in physical education are psychomotor (movement skills), cognitive (knowledge and strategy), and affective (attitudes and social skills).

Fundamental motor skills progress from stability (balance, twisting) to locomotor (running, skipping, hopping) to manipulative (throwing, catching, striking).

Motor development follows a cephalocaudal (head-to-toe) and proximodistal (center-to-outside) sequence.

A skill-related fitness component set includes agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, and speed.

The target heart rate range is roughly 60–80 percent of maximum heart rate; estimated maximum heart rate = 220 − age.

The principle of progression states that overload should increase gradually; specificity states that training effects are specific to the activity performed.

In a manipulative unit, teaching cues for throwing include stepping with the opposite foot, rotating the hips and shoulders, and following through toward the target.

A formative assessment in physical education might be a teacher checklist of skill cues; a summative assessment might be a rubric-scored game performance.

Text complexity is judged by qualitative measures (structure, knowledge demands), quantitative measures (readability scores), and reader-task considerations.

Close reading involves repeated readings for key ideas, craft and structure, and integration of knowledge across texts.

Academic vocabulary tiers: Tier 1 basic words, Tier 2 high-frequency cross-content words, Tier 3 domain-specific terms.

Comprehension strategies include predicting, questioning, visualizing, summarizing, and monitoring; summarizing requires main idea plus key details.

The writing traits are ideas, organization, voice, word choice, sentence fluency, and conventions.

Phonemic awareness tasks include blending, segmenting, deleting, and substituting sounds; rhyming and syllable clapping are phonological but not phonemic.

A running record measures oral reading accuracy, error patterns, and fluency using a coded record of substitutions, omissions, and insertions.

Persuasive/argumentative writing requires a claim, supporting evidence, reasoning, and acknowledgment of counterclaims.

Order of operations: parentheses, exponents, multiplication and division left to right, addition and subtraction left to right.

The number line supports integer operations: adding a positive moves right, adding a negative moves left; subtracting a negative is adding a positive.

Ratios compare two quantities; a proportion states two ratios are equal and is solved by cross-multiplication.

Percent means per hundred; part = percent × whole, and percent change = (new − old) ÷ old.

Perimeter is the distance around a figure; the sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180 degrees, and of a quadrilateral 360 degrees.

The Pythagorean theorem applies to right triangles: a² + b² = c², where c is the hypotenuse.

A prime number has exactly two factors, 1 and itself; 1 is neither prime nor composite.

Rounding rules: look at the digit to the right of the target place; 5 or greater rounds up, less than 5 rounds down.

The coordinate plane has four quadrants; an ordered pair (x, y) gives horizontal position first, vertical second, from the origin.

Newton's laws: an object at rest stays at rest unless acted on by a force; F = ma; every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Energy forms include kinetic, potential, thermal, light, sound, electrical, and chemical; energy is conserved but transforms between forms.

Simple machines are lever, pulley, wheel and axle, inclined plane, wedge, and screw; they trade force for distance.

Conductors (metals, water with salts) allow heat and electricity to flow; insulators (rubber, wood, plastic) resist flow.

Electric circuits require a source, conductors, and a load; series circuits share one path, parallel circuits have multiple paths.

Adaptations are inherited traits that improve survival in an environment; natural selection favors those traits over generations.

The rock cycle includes igneous (cooled magma), sedimentary (compacted deposits), and metamorphic (heat and pressure) rock types.

Weather is short-term atmospheric condition; climate is long-term average pattern; the greenhouse effect traps heat in the atmosphere.

The scientific method is iterative and empirical; replicable results and peer review strengthen scientific claims.

The Constitution's structure: Preamble, seven Articles, and 27 amendments; the first three Articles establish the three branches.

The Great Compromise created a bicameral Congress: the House apportioned by population and the Senate with equal state representation.

The three-fifths compromise counted enslaved people as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation.

The Louisiana Purchase (1803) doubled U.S. territory; the Lewis and Clark expedition mapped the new lands.

The Civil War (1861–1865) followed secession over slavery; the Emancipation Proclamation (1863) and 13th Amendment (1865) ended slavery.

The 14th Amendment guarantees equal protection and due process; the 15th protects voting rights regardless of race; the 19th grants women suffrage (1920).

The three economic sectors are primary (raw materials), secondary (manufacturing), and tertiary (services).

Supply and demand: as price rises, quantity supplied rises and quantity demanded falls; equilibrium is where the curves intersect.

Cultural universals include family, government, education, religion, and economy; culture includes both material and nonmaterial elements.

The National Core Arts Standards use four artistic processes: creating, performing/presenting/producing, responding, and connecting.

Color value refers to lightness or darkness; tint adds white, shade adds black, and tone adds gray.

Perspective in drawing: one-point perspective uses a single vanishing point; atmospheric perspective reduces contrast and detail in the distance.

Musical form labels: AB (binary), ABA (ternary), and rondo (ABACA); a round is a canon sung in staggered imitation.

The treble clef spaces spell FACE and lines spell E-G-B-D-F; the bass clef spaces spell A-C-E-G and lines G-B-D-F-A.

In drama, blocking is planned stage movement; upstaging is drawing attention away from the focal actor.

In visual art, texture may be actual (tactile) or implied (visual); shape is two-dimensional and form is three-dimensional.

Dance genres include ballet, modern, jazz, tap, folk, and hip-hop; choreography is the art of composing movement sequences.

The dimensions of wellness are physical, social, emotional/mental, intellectual, spiritual, and environmental.

The USDA dietary guidelines recommend limiting added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium while favoring whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins.

Caloric balance: weight is maintained when calories consumed equal calories expended; a deficit promotes loss.

The body's first line of defense against infection includes skin, mucous membranes, and stomach acid; the immune system produces antibodies.

The leading causes of preventable death include tobacco use, poor diet, physical inactivity, and alcohol misuse.

Mental health warning signs include withdrawal, changes in sleep or appetite, and loss of interest; depression is treatable and not a personal weakness.

First aid for a minor burn is cool running water; for choking in a conscious child, use back blows and abdominal thrusts.

The stages of change model: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination.

The FITT-VP principle adds Volume and Progression to Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type.

A warm-up raises core temperature and prepares muscles; a cool-down returns heart rate toward resting and reduces stiffness.

The BMI formula is weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared; it is a screening tool, not a diagnosis.

The sit-and-reach test measures flexibility; the PACER or mile run measures cardiorespiratory endurance; curl-ups measure muscular endurance.

The principle of reversibility: fitness gains are lost when training stops.

In a game unit, modified games (small-sided) increase participation and skill repetitions compared with full-sided play.

Locomotor skills include walk, run, jump, hop, skip, gallop, slide, and leap; nonlocomotor skills include bend, twist, and stretch.

The psychomotor domain taxonomy (from simple to complex) is reflex, fundamental movement, perceptual abilities, physical abilities, skilled movement, and nondiscursive communication.

Narrative point of view: first person (I), second person (you), third limited (one character's thoughts), and third omniscient (all characters' thoughts).

Figurative language types: simile (like/as), metaphor (direct comparison), personification, hyperbole, idiom, and onomatopoeia.

The main idea is the central point of a passage; supporting details explain, illustrate, or prove it.

Text features in informational text include headings, captions, bold print, glossaries, indexes, and diagrams; they support navigation and understanding.

Author's purpose is commonly described as persuade, inform, entertain, or explain/describe.

A thesis statement presents the central claim of an essay and typically appears in the introduction.

Context clues include definition, example, synonym, antonym, and inference clues to determine word meaning.

The alphabetic principle plus phonemic awareness plus fluency are prerequisites for strong reading comprehension.

A factor is a number that divides evenly into another; a multiple is the product of a number and an integer.

Greatest common factor is the largest shared factor; least common multiple is the smallest shared multiple.

The distributive property supports mental math: 7 × 14 = 7(10 + 4) = 70 + 28 = 98.

Equivalent fractions, decimals, and percents: ½ = 0.5 = 50 percent; ¼ = 0.25 = 25 percent; ⅕ = 0.2 = 20 percent.

The area model represents multiplication of multi-digit numbers and of fractions by partitioning rectangles.

A line plot displays data on a number line; a histogram groups continuous data into intervals; a box plot shows median and quartiles.

The slope of a line is rise over run; a linear equation is y = mx + b, with m as slope and b as y-intercept.

The mean absolute deviation measures average distance of data points from the mean; a larger value indicates greater spread.

Integer multiplication and division: like signs give a positive product or quotient; unlike signs give a negative.

The solar system's planets in order from the Sun are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

The Moon's phases result from its changing position relative to Earth and the Sun; a full cycle takes about 29.5 days.

Earth's layers are crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core; the outer core is liquid and generates the magnetic field.

Plate tectonics: divergent boundaries create new crust, convergent boundaries create mountains or subduction zones, and transform boundaries cause earthquakes.

The three main cloud types are cirrus (high, wispy), stratus (layered), and cumulus (puffy); cumulonimbus produce thunderstorms.

The scientific method begins with a testable question and a hypothesis; a hypothesis must be falsifiable.

Inherited traits come from genes; acquired traits come from environment and experience; dominant alleles mask recessive ones.

The water cycle is powered by the Sun's energy and gravity.

The Constitution's Preamble begins 'We the People' and lists six purposes of government, including forming a more perfect union and securing liberty.

The Bill of Rights protections include the First Amendment freedoms of speech, press, assembly, petition, and religion.

The 4th Amendment protects against unreasonable searches; the 5th protects against self-incrimination; the 6th guarantees a speedy public trial.

The three levels of government are federal, state, and local; each has legislative, executive, and judicial functions.

The U.S. economy is a mixed market economy with private ownership and government regulation.

The three branches check each other: veto, override, judicial review, appointment confirmation, and impeachment.

Themes of geography: location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, and region.

The Great Migration was the movement of African Americans from the rural South to Northern and Western cities during the 20th century.

The elements of music are rhythm, melody, harmony, form, texture, dynamics, and timbre.

Dynamics terms from soft to loud: pianissimo, piano, mezzo-piano, mezzo-forte, forte, fortissimo.

Tempo terms: adagio (slow), andante (walking pace), moderato (moderate), allegro (fast), presto (very fast).

In visual art, the color wheel organizes hues; analogous colors are adjacent, and triadic colors are evenly spaced.

A still life depicts inanimate objects; a landscape depicts natural scenery; a portrait depicts a person.

In theatre, a monologue is a long speech by one character; a soliloquy reveals inner thoughts to the audience.

Dance elements: body, action, space, time, and energy; locomotor and nonlocomotor movements are foundational.

The National Core Arts Standards anchor standard categories are creating, performing/presenting/producing, responding, and connecting.

The six nutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.

MyPlate: half the plate fruits and vegetables; grains and proteins fill the rest; dairy accompanies the meal.

FITT principle: Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type of physical activity.

Health-related fitness components: cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition.

Communicable disease prevention: handwashing, covering coughs, vaccination, and safe food handling.

Kübler-Ross grief stages: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

Refusal skills: say no firmly, give a reason, suggest an alternative, and leave.

The stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination.

Psychomotor domain in PE: reflex, fundamental movement, perceptual abilities, physical abilities, skilled movement, and nondiscursive communication.

Fundamental motor skills: stability (balance, twisting), locomotor (run, skip, hop), manipulative (throw, catch, strike).

Motor development is cephalocaudal (head to toe) and proximodistal (center to outside).

Skill-related fitness: agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, and speed.

Target heart rate: 60–80 percent of maximum heart rate; estimated maximum heart rate = 220 − age.

Training principles: overload, progression, specificity, reversibility.

Throwing cues: step with the opposite foot, rotate hips and shoulders, follow through toward the target.

Formative assessment in PE: teacher checklist of skill cues; summative assessment: rubric-scored game performance.

The five essential components of reading instruction: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension.

Phonological awareness is the broad skill of hearing and manipulating spoken sounds; phonemic awareness isolates individual phonemes.

The alphabetic principle: letters and letter patterns map predictably to speech sounds.

Fluency includes accuracy, automaticity, and prosody; it is measured by correct words per minute plus expression.

Simple view of reading: reading comprehension = decoding × language comprehension.

Explicit, systematic phonics is more effective than incidental phonics for beginning and struggling readers.

Writing process: planning, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing.

Narrative text uses story grammar; expository text uses compare-contrast, cause-effect, sequence, description, and problem-solution structures.

A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning; teaching morphology supports vocabulary and spelling beyond basic phonics.

Place value is base-ten positional: each place to the left is ten times the value of the place to its right.

Commutative and associative properties apply to addition and multiplication; the distributive property links multiplication over addition: a(b + c) = ab + ac.

Fraction equivalence: multiplying numerator and denominator by the same nonzero number yields an equivalent fraction.

Multiplication of fractions: (a/b) × (c/d) = (ac)/(bd); division by a fraction is multiplication by its reciprocal.

Area of a rectangle = length × width; area of a triangle = ½ × base × height; circumference = πd; area of a circle = πr².

Volume of a rectangular prism = length × width × height; volume of a cylinder = πr²h.

Mean = sum ÷ number of values; median = middle value of ordered data; mode = most frequent value; range = maximum − minimum.

Probability of an event = favorable outcomes ÷ total equally likely outcomes, ranging from 0 to 1.

Customary conversions: 12 inches = 1 foot, 3 feet = 1 yard, 16 ounces = 1 pound; metric: 1,000 millimeters = 1 meter, 1,000 meters = 1 kilometer.

Scientific method cycle: question, hypothesis, controlled experiment, data collection, analysis, conclusion, and communication of results.

In a controlled experiment the independent variable is manipulated, the dependent variable is measured, and all other variables are held constant.

Photosynthesis converts light energy, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen inside chloroplasts using chlorophyll.

Cellular respiration releases energy from glucose using oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water; it occurs in the mitochondria.

Food chains transfer energy from producers to consumers to decomposers; only about 10 percent of energy passes to the next trophic level.

Water cycle processes: evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and collection/runoff.

Earth's rotation on its axis causes day and night; its revolution around the Sun causes the seasons, along with axial tilt.

Physical changes alter form or state without creating new substances; chemical changes produce new substances with different properties.

The three states of matter differ in particle spacing and motion: solids are closely packed and vibrate, liquids flow, gases expand to fill containers.

The three branches of U.S. government are legislative (makes laws), executive (enforces laws), and judicial (interprets laws); checks and balances limit each branch.

The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, protecting freedoms such as speech, religion, and due process.

Federalism divides power between national and state governments; the Tenth Amendment reserves unlisted powers to the states or the people.

The Declaration of Independence (1776) asserts natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness and justifies separation from Britain.

Map essentials: title, legend/key, scale, compass rose, and grid; latitude lines run east-west and measure distance north or south of the equator.

Absolute location uses coordinates (latitude and longitude); relative location describes position compared with other places.

The five themes of geography are location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, and region.

Major ancient river civilizations developed near water: Mesopotamia (Tigris-Euphrates), Egypt (Nile), India (Indus), China (Huang He).

Economic systems answer three questions: what to produce, how to produce it, and for whom; scarcity forces choices with opportunity costs.

The elements of art are line, shape, form, color, value, texture, and space; the principles of design include balance, contrast, emphasis, movement, pattern, rhythm, and unity.

Primary colors (red, yellow, blue in traditional pigment theory) mix to form secondary colors (orange, green, violet); complementary colors lie opposite on the color wheel.

Warm colors (red, orange, yellow) advance visually; cool colors (blue, green, violet) recede.

The musical elements are rhythm, melody, harmony, form, texture, dynamics, and timbre; pitch is highness or lowness determined by frequency.

A quarter note receives one beat in 4/4 time; a half note receives two; a whole note receives four.

Instrument families are strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion; the voice is classified as soprano, alto, tenor, or bass.

Drama conventions include plot, character, setting, dialogue, monologue, stage directions, and conflict; tableau is a frozen pose.

Dance elements are body, action, space, time, and energy (the BASTE framework).

The six nutrients are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water; carbohydrates are the body's primary energy source.

MyPlate divides the plate into fruits, vegetables, grains, protein foods, and dairy, with half the plate devoted to fruits and vegetables.

The FITT principle for fitness is Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type of activity.

Aerobic activity strengthens the heart and lungs; resistance training builds muscular strength and endurance; stretching improves flexibility.

The five components of health-related fitness are cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition.

Communicable diseases spread through pathogens via contact, airborne droplets, vectors, or contaminated food and water; handwashing is the most effective prevention.

The stages of grief described by Kübler-Ross are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

Refusal skills include saying no clearly, giving a reason, suggesting an alternative, and leaving the situation.

The three learning domains in physical education are psychomotor (movement skills), cognitive (knowledge and strategy), and affective (attitudes and social skills).

Fundamental motor skills progress from stability (balance, twisting) to locomotor (running, skipping, hopping) to manipulative (throwing, catching, striking).

Motor development follows a cephalocaudal (head-to-toe) and proximodistal (center-to-outside) sequence.

A skill-related fitness component set includes agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, and speed.

The target heart rate range is roughly 60–80 percent of maximum heart rate; estimated maximum heart rate = 220 − age.

The principle of progression states that overload should increase gradually; specificity states that training effects are specific to the activity performed.

In a manipulative unit, teaching cues for throwing include stepping with the opposite foot, rotating the hips and shoulders, and following through toward the target.

A formative assessment in physical education might be a teacher checklist of skill cues; a summative assessment might be a rubric-scored game performance.

Text complexity is judged by qualitative measures (structure, knowledge demands), quantitative measures (readability scores), and reader-task considerations.

Close reading involves repeated readings for key ideas, craft and structure, and integration of knowledge across texts.

Academic vocabulary tiers: Tier 1 basic words, Tier 2 high-frequency cross-content words, Tier 3 domain-specific terms.

Comprehension strategies include predicting, questioning, visualizing, summarizing, and monitoring; summarizing requires main idea plus key details.

The writing traits are ideas, organization, voice, word choice, sentence fluency, and conventions.

Phonemic awareness tasks include blending, segmenting, deleting, and substituting sounds; rhyming and syllable clapping are phonological but not phonemic.

A running record measures oral reading accuracy, error patterns, and fluency using a coded record of substitutions, omissions, and insertions.

Persuasive/argumentative writing requires a claim, supporting evidence, reasoning, and acknowledgment of counterclaims.

Order of operations: parentheses, exponents, multiplication and division left to right, addition and subtraction left to right.

The number line supports integer operations: adding a positive moves right, adding a negative moves left; subtracting a negative is adding a positive.

Ratios compare two quantities; a proportion states two ratios are equal and is solved by cross-multiplication.

Percent means per hundred; part = percent × whole, and percent change = (new − old) ÷ old.

Perimeter is the distance around a figure; the sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180 degrees, and of a quadrilateral 360 degrees.

The Pythagorean theorem applies to right triangles: a² + b² = c², where c is the hypotenuse.

A prime number has exactly two factors, 1 and itself; 1 is neither prime nor composite.

Rounding rules: look at the digit to the right of the target place; 5 or greater rounds up, less than 5 rounds down.

The coordinate plane has four quadrants; an ordered pair (x, y) gives horizontal position first, vertical second, from the origin.

Newton's laws: an object at rest stays at rest unless acted on by a force; F = ma; every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Energy forms include kinetic, potential, thermal, light, sound, electrical, and chemical; energy is conserved but transforms between forms.

Simple machines are lever, pulley, wheel and axle, inclined plane, wedge, and screw; they trade force for distance.

Conductors (metals, water with salts) allow heat and electricity to flow; insulators (rubber, wood, plastic) resist flow.

Electric circuits require a source, conductors, and a load; series circuits share one path, parallel circuits have multiple paths.

Adaptations are inherited traits that improve survival in an environment; natural selection favors those traits over generations.

The rock cycle includes igneous (cooled magma), sedimentary (compacted deposits), and metamorphic (heat and pressure) rock types.

Weather is short-term atmospheric condition; climate is long-term average pattern; the greenhouse effect traps heat in the atmosphere.

The scientific method is iterative and empirical; replicable results and peer review strengthen scientific claims.

The Constitution's structure: Preamble, seven Articles, and 27 amendments; the first three Articles establish the three branches.

The Great Compromise created a bicameral Congress: the House apportioned by population and the Senate with equal state representation.

The three-fifths compromise counted enslaved people as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation.

The Louisiana Purchase (1803) doubled U.S. territory; the Lewis and Clark expedition mapped the new lands.

The Civil War (1861–1865) followed secession over slavery; the Emancipation Proclamation (1863) and 13th Amendment (1865) ended slavery.

The 14th Amendment guarantees equal protection and due process; the 15th protects voting rights regardless of race; the 19th grants women suffrage (1920).

The three economic sectors are primary (raw materials), secondary (manufacturing), and tertiary (services).

Supply and demand: as price rises, quantity supplied rises and quantity demanded falls; equilibrium is where the curves intersect.

Cultural universals include family, government, education, religion, and economy; culture includes both material and nonmaterial elements.

The National Core Arts Standards use four artistic processes: creating, performing/presenting/producing, responding, and connecting.

Color value refers to lightness or darkness; tint adds white, shade adds black, and tone adds gray.

Perspective in drawing: one-point perspective uses a single vanishing point; atmospheric perspective reduces contrast and detail in the distance.

Musical form labels: AB (binary), ABA (ternary), and rondo (ABACA); a round is a canon sung in staggered imitation.

The treble clef spaces spell FACE and lines spell E-G-B-D-F; the bass clef spaces spell A-C-E-G and lines G-B-D-F-A.

In drama, blocking is planned stage movement; upstaging is drawing attention away from the focal actor.

In visual art, texture may be actual (tactile) or implied (visual); shape is two-dimensional and form is three-dimensional.

Dance genres include ballet, modern, jazz, tap, folk, and hip-hop; choreography is the art of composing movement sequences.

The dimensions of wellness are physical, social, emotional/mental, intellectual, spiritual, and environmental.

The USDA dietary guidelines recommend limiting added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium while favoring whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins.

Caloric balance: weight is maintained when calories consumed equal calories expended; a deficit promotes loss.

The body's first line of defense against infection includes skin, mucous membranes, and stomach acid; the immune system produces antibodies.

The leading causes of preventable death include tobacco use, poor diet, physical inactivity, and alcohol misuse.

Mental health warning signs include withdrawal, changes in sleep or appetite, and loss of interest; depression is treatable and not a personal weakness.

First aid for a minor burn is cool running water; for choking in a conscious child, use back blows and abdominal thrusts.

The stages of change model: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination.

The FITT-VP principle adds Volume and Progression to Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type.

A warm-up raises core temperature and prepares muscles; a cool-down returns heart rate toward resting and reduces stiffness.

The BMI formula is weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared; it is a screening tool, not a diagnosis.

The sit-and-reach test measures flexibility; the PACER or mile run measures cardiorespiratory endurance; curl-ups measure muscular endurance.

The principle of reversibility: fitness gains are lost when training stops.

In a game unit, modified games (small-sided) increase participation and skill repetitions compared with full-sided play.

Locomotor skills include walk, run, jump, hop, skip, gallop, slide, and leap; nonlocomotor skills include bend, twist, and stretch.

The psychomotor domain taxonomy (from simple to complex) is reflex, fundamental movement, perceptual abilities, physical abilities, skilled movement, and nondiscursive communication.