Afghanistan Dental Exit Exam cheat sheet

Permanent dentition: 32 teeth; FDI two-digit system uses quadrant (1-4) plus tooth position (1-8), e.g., 36 = mandibular left first molar.

Primary dentition: 20 teeth; FDI quadrants 5-8, positions 1-5, e.g., 75 = mandibular left second primary molar.

Enamel is ~96% inorganic hydroxyapatite by weight; dentin ~70% inorganic, ~20% organic (mostly type I collagen), ~10% water.

Ameloblasts are lost after eruption (no enamel regeneration); odontoblasts persist and secrete secondary dentin throughout life.

Mandibular first molar has 5 cusps (MB, DB, distal, ML, DL) and 2 roots; maxillary first molar has 5 cusps including cusp of Carabelli and 3 roots.

Permanent maxillary canine: single root, cusp tip located mesial to the long axis; mandibular canine similar but narrower and often bifurcated root.

Periodontal ligament width ~0.15-0.25 mm, narrowest at mid-root; principal fibers: alveolar crest, horizontal, oblique (most numerous), apical, interradicular.

Saliva: ~1-1.5 L/day; resting pH ~6.7-7.4; contains amylase, mucins, IgA, lysozyme; buffer capacity depends mainly on bicarbonate and phosphate.

Gingival sulcus depth in health: 0.5-3 mm; junctional epithelium attaches via hemidesmosomes to enamel and connective tissue.

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: minor (<1 cm, heals <14 days), major (>1 cm, scarring), herpetiform (multiple small ulcers); diagnosis is clinical.

Oral candidiasis types: pseudomembranous (wipes off), erythematous, hyperplastic, angular cheilitis; risk factors include inhaled steroids, xerostomia, diabetes, HIV.

Leukoplakia = white patch that cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disease; biopsy to exclude dysplasia.

Erythroplakia has higher malignant transformation risk than leukoplakia; any red velvety patch requires biopsy.

Odontogenic keratocyst: parakeratinized lining, basal palisading, high recurrence; associated with PTCH1 and nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.

Ameloblastoma: locally aggressive, radiolucent multilocular 'soap bubble' lesion, most common in posterior mandible; treatment is resection with margins.

Squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity: most common intraoral site is lateral border of tongue; tobacco and alcohol are major risk factors.

Lichen planus: bilateral white striae (Wickham striae), T-cell mediated; erosive forms are painful and need biopsy to exclude dysplasia.

Paget disease of bone: elevated alkaline phosphatase, 'cotton wool' skull, hypercementosis; bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis presents as exposed bone >8 weeks in patients on antiresorptives.

G.V. Black cavity classes: I occlusal/pits, II proximal posterior, III proximal anterior (no incisal edge), IV proximal anterior including incisal edge, V cervical third.

C-factor = bonded surface area / unbonded surface area; higher C-factor increases polymerization shrinkage stress, so place composite in increments.

Enamel etching with 35-37% phosphoric acid for 15-30 s; dentin etching 15 s; total-etch technique uses etch-and-rinse, self-etch uses acidic primer.

Working length = radiographic apex minus ~0.5-1.0 mm; electronic apex locator confirms; apical constriction is ~0.5-1 mm short of radiographic apex.

Irrigants: sodium hypochlorite 0.5-5.25% dissolves organic tissue and is antimicrobial; EDTA 17% removes smear layer; avoid NaOCl extrusion beyond apex.

Root canal preparation: crown-down or step-back; apical size typically enlarged to at least 3 sizes larger than first binding file.

Obturation: gutta-percha with sealer; lateral condensation or warm vertical compaction; success depends on hermetic seal and adequate coronal restoration.

Pulp diagnosis: reversible pulpitis = sharp transient pain to cold; irreversible = lingering pain, spontaneous pain; necrotic pulp = no response to cold/EPT.

Post space: leave at least 4-5 mm of apical gutta-percha to maintain seal; ferrule of ≥1.5-2 mm improves resistance.

Complete denture: primary impression with stock tray and irreversible hydrocolloid; final impression with border molding and elastomeric material.

Vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) is established at rest position minus 2-4 mm freeway space.

Balanced occlusion in complete dentures: bilateral simultaneous contacts in centric and eccentric movements to stabilize bases.

Fixed partial denture abutment selection: crown-to-root ratio ideally ≥1:1; Ante's rule requires total root surface area of abutments ≥ that of replaced teeth.

Resin-bonded FPD: minimal preparation, relies on enamel bonding; contraindicated with short clinical crowns or parafunction.

Implant success criteria (Albrektsson): <0.2 mm annual bone loss after first year, no mobility, no pain, no peri-implant radiolucency.

Occlusal scheme for implants: mutually protected occlusion with light centric contacts; avoid heavy non-axial forces.

Removable partial denture: rest seats direct forces along long axis; major connector should be rigid; clasp assembly = rest, retentive arm, reciprocal arm, proximal plate.

Gingivitis = reversible inflammation of gingiva without attachment loss; periodontitis = inflammation with clinical attachment loss and radiographic bone loss.

Probing depth measures sulcus/pocket depth; clinical attachment level = probing depth + recession (or minus hyperplasia).

Bleeding on probing is a marker of active inflammation; absence of BOP has high negative predictive value for stability.

2018 classification: staging (I-IV) based on severity and complexity; grading (A-C) based on progression rate and risk factors.

Pocket depth ≥5 mm with BOP generally indicates need for active therapy; ≥6 mm often requires surgical access.

Scaling and root planing is the gold standard for nonsurgical therapy; re-evaluate at 6-8 weeks.

Risk factors: smoking (dose-dependent), poorly controlled diabetes (HbA1c >7%), genetic predisposition, stress, medications causing gingival overgrowth.

Peri-implant mucositis = reversible inflammation without bone loss; peri-implantitis = inflammation with progressive bone loss and pocket formation.

Antibiotic adjunct: amoxicillin + metronidazole for aggressive/grade C periodontitis; avoid routine antibiotics for gingivitis.

Third molar extraction indications: recurrent pericoronitis, caries, cyst/tumor, orthodontic need, pathology; contraindications include uncontrolled systemic disease and high-risk proximity to IAN.

Inferior alveolar nerve injury risk increases with deeply impacted mandibular third molars; radiographic signs include root proximity to canal and darkening of root.

Dry socket (alveolar osteitis): fibrinolysis of clot, severe pain 2-4 days post-extraction; treat with irrigation and medicated dressing, not antibiotics routinely.

Mandibular fracture: most common site is angle, then condyle; treat with closed reduction (MMF) or open reduction and internal fixation.

Le Fort I = low transverse maxillary fracture; Le Fort II = pyramidal; Le Fort III = craniofacial disjunction.

Odontogenic infection: most commonly from mandibular molars; Ludwig's angina is bilateral submandibular/sublingual space infection requiring airway management and IV antibiotics.

Biopsy principles: incisional for large/uncertain lesions, excisional for small (<1 cm) lesions; avoid seeding malignant cells along tract.

Hemorrhage control: pressure, local hemostatics (oxidized cellulose, gelatin sponge), tranexamic acid; check INR for warfarin patients.

Angle classification: Class I = mesiobuccal cusp of maxillary first molar in buccal groove of mandibular first molar; Class II = distal; Class III = mesial.

Cephalometric landmarks: SNA normal ~82°, SNB ~80°, ANB ~2°; ANB >4° suggests skeletal Class II, <0° suggests Class III.

Eruption timing: first primary tooth ~6 months; first permanent molar ~6 years; mixed dentition 6-12 years.

Space analysis: arch length discrepancy; leeway space = difference between primary molar/canine widths and permanent successors (~1.5-2 mm per side mandibular).

Serial extraction is indicated in severe crowding with Class I and normal skeletal pattern.

Pediatric behavior management: tell-show-do, positive reinforcement, voice control; avoid restraint unless necessary and documented.

Early childhood caries: maxillary anterior teeth most affected; prevention includes fluoride varnish, dietary counseling, and parental education.

Fluoride varnish 5% NaF (22,600 ppm) applied 2-4 times/year for high caries risk children.

Periapical radiograph: high resolution, shows 2-3 mm beyond apex; bitewing shows crowns and alveolar crest; panoramic shows entire dentition and jaws.

ALARA principle: minimize radiation dose; use rectangular collimation, lead apron, thyroid shield, and digital sensors.

Radiolucent = decreased attenuation (caries, cyst, air); radiopaque = increased attenuation (enamel, metal, bone).

Caries detection: interproximal caries best seen on bitewing; occlusal caries often require clinical exam; radiograph shows demineralization only after ~30-40% mineral loss.

CBCT is indicated for implant planning, impacted teeth, endodontic complexity, and maxillofacial trauma; higher dose than 2D but lower than medical CT.

Periapical index (PAI) scores 1-5 for apical periodontitis; PAI ≥3 indicates disease.

Radiographic signs of periodontal disease: horizontal/vertical bone loss, widened PDL, furcation radiolucency.

Digital radiography reduces dose by 50-80% compared with film; image enhancement does not replace proper exposure.

Lidocaine 2% with 1:100,000 epinephrine: max dose 4.4 mg/kg (or 300 mg absolute); 1 cartridge = 36 mg lidocaine.

Articaine 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine: max dose 7 mg/kg; good bone penetration; avoid in sulfite allergy if epinephrine present.

Mepivacaine 3% plain: max dose 6.6 mg/kg; vasoconstrictor-free option for patients with cardiovascular risk.

Epinephrine max dose in healthy patient ~0.2 mg; in cardiac patient limit to ~0.04 mg (2 cartridges of 1:100,000).

Local anesthesia failure: consider inadequate volume, wrong injection site, anatomical variation, infection, or anxiety; supplemental intraligamentary or intraosseous injection may help.

Antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis: amoxicillin 2 g 30-60 min before procedure for high-risk cardiac conditions (prosthetic valve, prior IE, certain congenital heart disease).

Analgesics: NSAIDs (ibuprofen 400-600 mg q6h) are first-line for dental pain; avoid in peptic ulcer, renal disease, third trimester pregnancy; paracetamol alternative.

Infection control: hand hygiene, gloves, mask, eye protection; autoclave 121°C at 15 psi for 15-20 min or 134°C for 3-4 min; spore testing weekly.

Needlestick injury: wash with soap and water, report, assess source; PEP for HIV within 2 hours if indicated.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.

DMFT index = decayed + missing + filled permanent teeth; dmft for primary teeth; DMFS counts surfaces.

Caries prevalence measured by DMFT/dmft; incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point in time.

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores 0-4; score 3 = pocket 4-5 mm; score 4 = pocket ≥6 mm.

Water fluoridation optimal level ~0.7-1.0 ppm depending on climate; reduces caries by ~20-40%.

Fluoride mechanisms: topical remineralization, inhibition of demineralization, antibacterial effect; systemic effect is minimal.

Health education models: medical model, educational model, empowerment model; community participation improves sustainability.

Screening programs: school-based fluoride varnish and sealants target high-risk children; sealants reduce occlusal caries substantially.

Epidemiological study designs: cross-sectional (prevalence), cohort (incidence), case-control (rare outcomes); bias types include selection, information, confounding.

Oral health promotion: Ottawa Charter strategies - build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services.