Kankor 14-Pass flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Quadratic formula

For ax² + bx + c = 0 with a ≠ 0, the solutions are x = (−b ± √(b² − 4ac)) / 2a, where b² − 4ac is the discriminant.

Pythagorean theorem

In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides: a² + b² = c².

Newton's second law

The net force on an object equals its mass times its acceleration, F = ma; weight is W = mg with g ≈ 9.8 m/s².

Ohm's law

The voltage across a conductor equals current times resistance, V = IR; electric power is P = VI = I²R = V²/R.

Photosynthesis equation

Plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.

pH scale

A measure of hydrogen-ion concentration: values below 7 are acidic, 7 is neutral, and above 7 is basic; each unit is a tenfold change.

Durand Line

The 1893 boundary drawn between Afghanistan and British India, now forming the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Afghan independence 1919

Under King Amanullah Khan, Afghanistan gained control of its foreign affairs in 1919 after the Third Anglo-Afghan War.

Five Pillars of Islam

Shahadah (testimony of faith), Salah (prayer), Zakah (almsgiving), Sawm (fasting in Ramadan), and Hajj (pilgrimage to Makkah).

Hijrah

The Prophet Muhammad's migration from Makkah to Madinah in 622 CE, which marks year one of the Islamic lunar calendar.

Dari script

Dari is written right to left in a modified Arabic alphabet that adds letters such as پ, چ, ژ, and گ.

Pashto retroflex letters

The Pashto alphabet extends the Arabic script with retroflex consonants such as ټ, ډ, ړ, ږ, ښ, and ڼ.

Discriminant

The expression b² − 4ac in a quadratic equation; positive gives two real roots, zero gives one, and negative gives no real roots.

Distance formula

The distance between points (x₁,y₁) and (x₂,y₂) is √((x₂ − x₁)² + (y₂ − y₁)²).

Kinetic energy

The energy of motion, calculated as KE = ½mv², where m is mass and v is speed.

Ionic vs covalent bonds

Ionic bonds transfer electrons between metals and nonmetals, while covalent bonds share electrons between nonmetal atoms.

ABO blood groups

Red-cell types A, B, AB, and O, plus Rh factor; O-negative is the universal donor and AB-positive the universal recipient.

Earth's rotation and revolution

Rotation on its axis every ~24 hours causes day and night; revolution around the Sun every ~365.25 days causes seasons.

Separation of powers

A democratic principle dividing government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches so each limits the others.

Zakah rate

Obligatory almsgiving of about 2.5% of qualifying wealth held for one lunar year above the nisab threshold.

Laylat al-Qadr

The Night of Power, considered the holiest night of the year, falling in the last ten nights of Ramadan.

Ezafe construction

A linking vowel (written as a short stroke in Dari) that joins a noun to a following modifier, as in کتابِ خوب.

Landay

A distinctive two-line Pashto folk couplet, often expressing love, grief, or social themes in oral tradition.

Sum of triangle angles

The interior angles of any triangle add to 180 degrees; in an isosceles triangle the base angles are equal.

Rules of exponents

aᵐ × aⁿ = a^(m+n), aᵐ/aⁿ = a^(m−n), (aᵐ)ⁿ = a^(mn), and a⁰ = 1 for any nonzero a.

Neutralization reaction

An acid reacts with a base to form salt and water, as in HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O.

Mitosis vs meiosis

Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells; meiosis produces four gametes each with half the normal chromosome number.

Ahmad Shah Durrani

Founder of the Durrani empire in 1747, often cited as the beginning of modern Afghan statehood.

Map scale

The ratio converting map distance to real distance; a large-scale map shows a small area in greater detail.

Rashidun caliphs

The first four caliphs after the Prophet Muhammad: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali.

Battle of Badr

The first major battle between Muslims and the Quraysh, fought in 2 AH (624 CE), won by the Muslims.

Pashto word order

Pashto generally places the subject first and the verb last, following a subject–object–verb pattern similar to Dari.