Afghan Air Force University Kankor flashcards
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- Quadratic formula
- For ax² + bx + c = 0, x = (−b ± √(b² − 4ac)) / (2a); the discriminant b² − 4ac determines the number of real roots.
- Pythagorean theorem
- In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the two legs: a² + b² = c².
- Circle area
- The area of a circle equals π multiplied by the square of its radius: A = πr².
- Arithmetic sequence sum
- For an arithmetic sequence, Sₙ = n(a₁ + aₙ)/2, where n is the number of terms and a₁ and aₙ are the first and last terms.
- Newton's second law
- The net force on an object equals its mass times its acceleration, F = ma; force is measured in newtons.
- Kinetic energy
- The energy of a moving object equals one-half its mass times the square of its speed: KE = ½mv².
- Ohm's law
- The voltage across a conductor equals the current through it multiplied by its resistance: V = IR.
- Wave speed relation
- The speed of a wave equals its frequency multiplied by its wavelength: v = fλ.
- Present perfect tense
- Formed with have or has plus a past participle; it describes a past action connected to the present, as in 'She has finished'.
- Second conditional
- Uses if plus the past simple in the condition and would plus the base verb in the result, for unreal or unlikely situations.
- Passive voice
- A construction using a form of 'be' plus the past participle, where the subject receives the action, as in 'The letter was written'.
- Prepositions of time
- 'In' is used for months and years, 'on' for days and dates, and 'at' for clock times.
- Avogadro's number
- The number of particles in one mole of a substance, approximately 6.022 × 10²³.
- pH scale
- A scale from 0 to 14 measuring acidity: values below 7 are acidic, 7 is neutral, and above 7 is basic.
- Neutralization reaction
- A reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water.
- Oxidation and reduction
- Oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction is the gain of electrons, often remembered as OIL RIG.
- Photosynthesis equation
- 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy produces C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂; it occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
- Mitosis versus meiosis
- Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells, while meiosis produces four haploid gametes for sexual reproduction.
- DNA base pairing
- In the DNA double helix, adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.
- Enzyme function
- Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions and are specific to their substrates; their activity depends on temperature and pH.
- Dari script
- Dari, the Afghan form of Persian, is written in a modified Arabic script and is read from right to left.
- Firdawsi's Shahnameh
- The Persian national epic, written by Hakim Abul-Qasim Firdawsi, recounting the legendary and historical kings of Iran.
- Khushal Khan Khattak
- A major classical Pashto poet and tribal leader known for his poetry and prose in the Pashto language.
- Ezafe construction
- In Dari, a linking vowel (-e) connects a noun to a following modifier or possessor, as in 'kitab-e' meaning 'book of'.
- Five Pillars of Islam
- Shahadah (testimony of faith), Salah (prayer), Zakat (almsgiving), Sawm (fasting in Ramadan), and Hajj (pilgrimage).
- Zakat rate
- Zakat is generally 2.5 percent of qualifying wealth held for one lunar year, given to specified categories of needy people.
- The Hijrah
- The migration of Prophet Muhammad from Makkah to Madinah in 622 CE, which marks the start of the Islamic calendar.
- Qur'an structure
- The Qur'an contains 114 surahs; the first is Al-Fatihah and the longest is Al-Baqarah.
- Afghanistan's borders
- Afghanistan is landlocked and borders Iran, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and China.
- Hindu Kush range
- A mountain range running across central Afghanistan; its highest peak is Noshaq, at about 7,492 meters.
- Afghan independence 1919
- Afghanistan gained full independence in 1919 under King Amanullah Khan after the Third Anglo-Afghan War.
- Lines of latitude
- Imaginary east–west lines measuring distance north or south of the equator, which lies at 0 degrees latitude.