Kankor Madrasa cheat sheet

The Quran has 114 surahs; 86 are Makki and 28 are Madani by the standard classification.

Makki surahs generally address belief, resurrection, and short rhythmic verses; Madani surahs emphasize law, society, and long verses.

Idgham is merging a noon sakinah or tanween into a following letter; iqlab converts it to meem before ba.

Ikhfa hides the noon sakinah with nasalization (ghunnah) before 15 letters; izhar pronounces it clearly before throat letters.

Qalqalah letters are qaf, ta, ba, jim, dal; strongest qalqalah occurs at a stop (waqf).

Madd tabee'i lengthens a vowel for two counts; madd munfasil and muttasil extend to four or five counts.

Tafsir bil-ma'thur relies on Quran, hadith, and reports of the Companions; tafsir bir-ra'y uses reasoned interpretation.

Asbab al-nuzul records occasions of revelation and aids contextual understanding of specific verses.

Memorization (hifz) is assessed by continuity; the mutashabihat (similar verses) require deliberate differentiation.

A hadith has two parts: the isnad (chain of narrators) and the matn (text).

Sahih requires five conditions: continuous chain, upright and precise narrators, no irregularity (shudhudh), and no hidden defect ('illah).

Hasan is like sahih but with a narrator of lesser precision; da'if falls short of hasan's conditions.

Mutawatir is reported by so many narrators at every level that collusion is impossible; ahad lacks that multiplicity.

Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim are the two most rigorously authenticated collections.

The Six Books (al-Kutub al-Sittah) are Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Dawud, Tirmidhi, Nasa'i, and Ibn Majah.

A hadith qudsi conveys words attributed to God but is not part of the Quran and is not recited in prayer.

'Ilm al-rijal evaluates narrators' reliability; jarh wa ta'dil is the science of criticism and authentication.

The five ahkam are obligatory (fard/wajib), recommended (mandub), permissible (mubah), disliked (makruh), and forbidden (haram).

Wudu obligations include washing the face, arms to the elbows, wiping the head, and washing feet to the ankles.

The four Sunni schools are Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali; they differ mainly in methodology and detail.

The four sources of law in Sunni usul are Quran, Sunnah, ijma' (consensus), and qiyas (analogy).

Istihsan, maslahah mursalah, and 'urf are secondary principles used when primary sources are silent.

Salah is obligatory five times daily; the Fajr prayer has two rak'ahs and Maghrib has three.

Zakat is 2.5 percent on wealth held for one lunar year above the nisab threshold.

Tayammum substitutes for wudu using clean earth when water is unavailable or harmful.

Ijtihad is the jurist's effort to derive rulings; taqlid is following an established school's ruling.

Tawhid means the oneness of God in lordship (rububiyyah), worship (uluhiyyah), and names and attributes.

The six articles of faith are belief in God, angels, books, messengers, the Last Day, and divine decree (qadar).

Shirk is associating partners with God and is the gravest sin in Islamic belief.

Angels are created from light, have no free will, and carry out God's commands; Jibril is the angel of revelation.

The Quran is the final revealed book; earlier books include the Tawrah, Zabur, and Injil.

Qadar holds that God's knowledge and will encompass all events while humans retain moral responsibility.

Ash'ari, Maturidi, and Athari are major Sunni theological schools differing on divine attributes and reason's role.

The kalimah 'La ilaha illa Allah, Muhammadur Rasulullah' is the foundational testimony of faith.

Arabic words divide into three classes: ism (noun), fi'l (verb), and harf (particle).

A nominal sentence (jumlah ismiyyah) begins with a noun and has a mubtada' (subject) and khabar (predicate).

A verbal sentence (jumlah fi'liyyah) begins with a verb, followed by fa'il (doer) and maf'ul (object).

I'rab marks are raf' (nominative), nasb (accusative), jarr (genitive), and jazm (jussive).

The Arabic root is usually trilateral; forms derive by adding letters and vowel patterns (awzan).

Fi'l madi is past tense, fi'l mudari' is present/future, and fi'l amr is imperative.

In rhetoric, tashbih compares two things; isti'arah is metaphor; kinayah is metonymy.

Balaghah has three branches: ma'ani (syntax and meaning), bayan (figures of speech), and badi' (embellishments).

Idafah construction links two nouns, the first in construct state and the second genitive.

The Prophet Muhammad was born in Makkah around 570 CE and received the first revelation at age 40.

The Hijrah from Makkah to Madinah occurred in 622 CE, the start year of the Islamic calendar.

The four rightly guided caliphs were Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali.

The Battle of Badr occurred in 2 AH; the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah in 6 AH; the conquest of Makkah in 8 AH.

The Umayyad caliphate ruled from Damascus; the Abbasid caliphate ruled from Baghdad.

The House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikmah) in Baghdad was a center of translation and scholarship under the Abbasids.

Al-Khwarizmi advanced algebra; Ibn Sina wrote al-Qanun fi al-Tibb; Ibn Khaldun wrote the Muqaddimah.

The Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople in 1453 CE under Sultan Mehmed II.

The United Nations was founded in 1945 and has 193 member states.

Afghanistan is a landlocked country bordered by Pakistan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and China.

The UN Security Council has five permanent members: China, France, Russia, the UK, and the US.

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a UN agency headquartered in Geneva.

The Sustainable Development Goals number 17 and target the year 2030.

The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is headquartered in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, peace, and economics.

The Asian Development Bank is headquartered in Manila; the World Bank in Washington, DC.

Quadratic formula: x = [-b ± sqrt(b^2 - 4ac)] / (2a).

Discriminant D = b^2 - 4ac; D>0 gives two real roots, D=0 one real root, D<0 complex roots.

Area of a circle is pi r^2; circumference is 2 pi r.

Pythagorean theorem: in a right triangle, a^2 + b^2 = c^2 where c is the hypotenuse.

Sum of interior angles of an n-gon is (n-2) x 180 degrees.

Arithmetic sequence: nth term a + (n-1)d; sum is n(a + l)/2.

Geometric sequence: nth term a r^(n-1); sum of n terms is a(1 - r^n)/(1 - r) for r not equal to 1.

Probability of an event is favorable outcomes divided by total outcomes, bounded between 0 and 1.

sin^2 x + cos^2 x = 1 for all angles x.

The cell is the basic unit of life; mitochondria produce ATP and ribosomes synthesize protein.

Photosynthesis converts CO2 and water to glucose and oxygen using light energy in chloroplasts.

DNA has a double-helix structure; adenine pairs with thymine and guanine with cytosine.

Atomic number equals protons; mass number equals protons plus neutrons.

pH below 7 is acidic, 7 is neutral, and above 7 is basic.

Newton's second law: F = ma; weight equals mass times gravitational acceleration.

Ohm's law: V = IR; power P = VI.

Kinetic energy is (1/2)mv^2; potential energy near Earth is mgh.

The speed of light in vacuum is about 3 x 10^8 m/s.

Dari is the Afghan variety of Persian, written in the Arabic script, and is an official language of Afghanistan.

Pashto is an Iranian language written in a modified Arabic script with additional letters such as retroflex consonants.

Pashto literature has a strong oral tradition and is famous for its landay (two-line folk couplets).

Khushal Khan Khattak is a celebrated Pashto poet of the 17th century known for martial and ethical verse.

Rumi and Sa'di are classical Persian poets widely read in Dari literary tradition.

The Pashto alphabet contains about 44-45 letters including retroflex and additional consonants.

Pashto has grammatical gender (masculine and feminine) and an ergative construction in past tenses.

Dari poetry follows Persian meters (bahr) and forms such as ghazal, qasida, and ruba'i.