Kankor Madrasa key terms

The set of rules governing correct pronunciation and recitation of the Quran, covering articulation points of letters, their attributes, and rules for lengthening, nasalization, and pausing.

The specific point in the mouth or throat where a Quranic letter is articulated, such as the lips, tongue, or nasal passage, used to distinguish letters that sound similar.

A nasal sound produced through the nose, required when pronouncing the letters noon and meem under specified conditions in recitation, held for a set duration.

Elongation of a vowel sound in Quranic recitation, measured in counts, applied to long vowels and to letters followed by hamza or sukoon.

The scholarly explanation and interpretation of Quranic verses, clarifying meaning, context of revelation, and legal or theological implications.

Reports describing the events, questions, or circumstances that occasioned the revelation of particular Quranic verses, used to understand their intended application.

The study of verses whose ruling is abrogated and those that abrogate them, addressing apparent conflicts in legal content within the Quran.

A report transmitted by such a large number of narrators at every stage that agreement on fabrication is inconceivable, producing certain knowledge; applied to hadith and Quranic transmission.

The chain of narrators linking a hadith text back to its source, whose reliability determines the grading of the report.

The actual wording or content of a hadith, as distinct from the chain of narrators that carries it.

The highest grading of a hadith, indicating a connected chain of trustworthy narrators free of hidden defects or contradiction.

A report in which the Prophet conveys words attributed to God, but whose wording is not part of the Quran and is not recited as revelation.

The exertion of scholarly effort to derive a legal ruling from primary sources when no explicit text settles the matter.

Analogical reasoning in law, extending a ruling from an established case to a new case because they share an effective cause.

The consensus of qualified Muslim scholars of a given era on a legal ruling, treated as a binding or authoritative source after the Quran and Sunnah.

The ritual ablution of face, hands, head, and feet performed before prayer and other acts of worship, required for validity when purity is absent.

Full-body ritual washing required in cases of major impurity, performed by washing the entire body with the intention of purification.

Purification by striking clean earth or sand and wiping the face and hands, permitted when water is unavailable or harmful to use.

The doctrine of the oneness of God, affirming that He alone is the Creator, deserving of worship, and unique in His names and attributes.

Associating partners with God in His lordship, worship, or attributes, considered the gravest theological error in Islamic belief.

The body of core beliefs a Muslim holds concerning God, prophets, angels, scripture, the afterlife, and divine decree.

The inimitability of the Quran, the claim that its literary excellence and content cannot be matched by human effort, cited as evidence of its divine origin.

The system of Arabic case endings and vowel marks that shows the grammatical function of a word in a sentence.

Arabic grammar, the discipline studying sentence structure, word order, and the grammatical roles words play within a clause.

Arabic morphology, the study of word forms, roots, and patterns by which verbs and nouns are derived and inflected.

Arabic rhetoric, the study of eloquence covering figurative expression, clarity of meaning, and the embellishment of speech.

The migration of the Prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina, marking the start of the Islamic calendar.

The system of leadership succeeding the Prophet in governing the Muslim community, held by a caliph chosen to uphold religion and administer public affairs.

The community of believers as a whole, bound by shared faith rather than by kinship, ethnicity, or territory.

A major Abbasid-era institution in Baghdad where scholars translated and studied Greek, Persian, and Indian works, fostering advances in science and philosophy.

A ninth-century scholar whose work on algebra and on Indian numerals laid foundations for modern mathematics and the decimal place-value system.

A branch of mathematics dealing with symbols representing numbers and the rules for manipulating expressions and solving equations.

The process by which green plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and release oxygen, converting light energy into chemical energy.

The set of reactions in cells that break down glucose with oxygen to release usable energy, producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to one of higher solute concentration.

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons, typical of molecules such as water and methane.

The amount of a substance containing as many elementary entities as there are atoms in twelve grams of carbon-12, used to count particles in chemistry.

The principle that the acceleration of an object equals the net force acting on it divided by its mass, often written as force equals mass times acceleration.

The energy an object possesses because of its motion, calculated as one half its mass multiplied by the square of its speed.