Afghanistan Pharmacy Technician Exit Exam flashcards
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32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Valid prescription elements
- Prescriber name and signature, patient name, drug name, strength, dosage form, quantity, directions, and date; missing elements make the prescription invalid and require clarification.
- Controlled drug prescription rules
- Schedule II-type medicines require a written prescription, no refills, and dispensing within the legally defined time window; records of receipt and supply must be kept.
- Generic substitution condition
- A pharmacist may substitute a generic only when law permits, the prescriber has not written dispense-as-written, and the patient is informed of the substitution.
- Technician scope of practice
- Technicians prepare, label, and manage stock under pharmacist supervision; counseling, clinical verification, and final release remain the pharmacist's legal responsibility.
- Beta-lactam mechanism
- Penicillins and cephalosporins inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, making them bactericidal; allergy cross-reactivity must be checked before dispensing.
- Opioid adverse effects
- Mu-receptor opioids cause respiratory depression, constipation, sedation, and dependence; naloxone is the antidote for overdose.
- Warfarin versus heparin monitoring
- Warfarin inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors and is monitored by INR; heparin is monitored by aPTT.
- Tuberculosis combination therapy
- Combination regimens such as isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol prevent resistance; isoniazid can cause peripheral neuropathy.
- Dose calculation formula
- Dose = (desired dose / stock strength) x stock volume, with all units converted to the same system before calculation.
- Percentage solution meaning
- Percent w/v is grams per 100 mL, percent w/w is grams per 100 g, and percent v/v is mL per 100 mL; the type must be stated on the label.
- Dilution equation
- C1 x V1 = C2 x V2: the concentration of the stock times its volume equals the final concentration times the final volume.
- IV drip rate formula
- Drops per minute = (volume in mL x drop factor in drops/mL) divided by time in minutes.
- Body surface area formula
- Mosteller method: BSA in square meters = square root of (height in cm x weight in kg / 3600); used for mg/m2 dosing.
- Prescription processing sequence
- Validate the prescription, check allergies and patient record, prepare, label, obtain pharmacist verification, then release with counseling.
- Required label content
- Patient name, drug name and strength, directions, quantity, date, pharmacy identity, and any cautionary or storage statements.
- Abbreviations to avoid
- Write 'units' instead of 'U', 'once daily' instead of 'QD' or 'OD', and never add trailing zeros such as 5.0 mg.
- Final dispensing check
- Compare the prescription against the prepared product for drug, strength, dosage form, quantity, label details, and expiry date before release.
- Enteric-coated tablet rule
- Enteric coatings protect against gastric acid; these tablets must not be crushed or chewed, or the coating's protective function is lost.
- Suspension handling
- Suspensions are biphasic and must be shaken before each dose to redistribute the dispersed particles and deliver a uniform dose.
- Geometric dilution method
- A small quantity of potent powder is mixed with an equal volume of diluent, then repeatedly doubled until the full diluent is incorporated uniformly.
- Beyond-use date definition
- The date after which a compounded preparation must not be used, based on its stability, preservative content, and storage conditions.
- Pharmacokinetic interaction
- An interaction that alters absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion, such as enzyme inducers lowering the effect of warfarin.
- MAOI tyramine interaction
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors combined with tyramine-rich foods or sympathomimetics can precipitate a hypertensive crisis.
- Missed dose counseling
- Advise the patient to follow the product's specific missed-dose rule and never to double the next dose to make up for a missed one.
- Photosensitivity counseling
- Tetracyclines and some other drugs cause photosensitivity; patients should protect skin from sunlight and report unusual reactions.
- First Expiry First Out
- FEFO rotation dispenses the stock with the earliest expiry date first, reducing waste; FIFO applies when expiry dates are uniform.
- Cold-chain storage range
- Products such as insulin and some vaccines require 2-8 degrees C with continuous temperature monitoring and a documented excursion procedure.
- Quarantine of recalled stock
- Expired, damaged, or recalled stock must be segregated in a labeled quarantine area and disposed of under national regulations.
- Signs of drug quality failure
- Discoloration, changed odor or texture, caking, leakage, cracked tablets, and particulate matter in solutions indicate a defective product.
- Hand hygiene importance
- Hand hygiene with soap and water or alcohol rub before and after patient contact is the single most effective measure against cross-infection.
- Sharps handling rule
- Sharps must never be recapped by hand; they are placed immediately into a puncture-resistant, labeled sharps container.
- Antimicrobial resistance prevention
- Complete prescribed courses, avoid unnecessary antibiotics, and never share antibiotics; these actions slow the emergence of resistant organisms.