Afghanistan Traditional Medicine License Exam flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Cardiac output formula

Cardiac output equals heart rate multiplied by stroke volume; normal adult resting output is approximately 5 liters per minute.

Blood pressure determinants

Arterial blood pressure equals cardiac output multiplied by total peripheral resistance; changes in either factor alter blood pressure.

Cardinal signs of inflammation

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain, with possible loss of function, describe the classical local signs of acute inflammation.

Necrosis versus apoptosis

Necrosis is passive cell death from injury with membrane rupture and inflammation; apoptosis is programmed, controlled cell death without inflammation.

Four Unani humours

Dam (blood), balgham (phlegm), safra (yellow bile), and sawda (black bile) are the four humours whose balance defines health.

Four Unani temperaments

Hot, cold, wet (moist), and dry are the four temperaments derived from the four elements and used to classify persons and drugs.

Asbab-e-sitta zarooriya

The six essential factors of Unani health: air, food and drink, sleep and wakefulness, movement and rest, evacuation and retention, and psychic states.

Ilaj bil tadbeer

Regimenal therapy in Unani medicine using non-drug measures such as cupping, purgation, and venesection to restore humoural balance.

Drug temperament degrees

Unani herbs are graded by temperament and degree from first to fourth, guiding dose, potency, and clinical indication.

Pharmacognosy definition

The study of crude drugs of natural origin covering their identification, constituents, quality, and standardization methods.

Alkaloid characteristics

Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing plant compounds, often pharmacologically potent, requiring careful dosing and quality control.

Tannins pharmacological action

Tannins are polyphenolic plant constituents that bind proteins, producing astringent effects and potential interference with drug absorption.

Standardization markers

Quality markers include marker-compound assay, ash value, extractive value, moisture content, and volatile oil content.

Herbal detoxification

Processing of toxic herbs, such as Aconitum, to reduce harmful constituents before use in traditional formulations.

Unani pulse assessment

Nabz examination records rate, rhythm, volume, and character of the pulse to inform humoural and temperamental diagnosis.

Urine examination in Unani

Baul assessment notes color, consistency, sediment, and odor as indicators of humoural state and organ function.

Mizaj assessment

Determination of a patient's temperament by integrating history, pulse, urine, and physical signs into hot/cold and dry/moist categories.

Red-flag referral signs

Chest pain, dyspnea, focal neurological deficit, uncontrolled bleeding, or high fever with confusion require immediate conventional medical referral.

Treat by contraries

Ilaj bil zid is the Unani principle of treating a hot disease with cold drugs and a cold disease with hot drugs.

Hijama contraindications

Cupping should be avoided in severe anemia, bleeding disorders, anticoagulant therapy, pregnancy at abdominal sites, and marked debility.

Treatment plan sequence

Therapy proceeds by correcting causes, then regimenal measures, then drug therapy, with surgery reserved for indicated cases.

Herbal prescription elements

A complete prescription states drug, plant part, dosage form, dose, frequency, duration, and follow-up interval.

GMP batch records

Good manufacturing practice requires documented batch records, validated processes, and cleaning and equipment logs for traceability.

Finished product quality tests

Herbal products are tested for identity, purity including heavy metals and microbial load, and potency by marker assay.

Required label information

Labels must show product name, batch number, manufacture and expiry dates, ingredients, dose, and storage conditions.

Volatile oil storage

Volatile oils are kept in tightly closed dark containers at controlled temperature, protected from light, heat, and moisture.

Informed consent elements

Consent requires disclosure of the therapy's nature, expected benefits, alternatives, and material risks, given voluntarily by a competent patient.

Scope of practice rule

Practitioners must act only within licensed competencies and refer patients when needs exceed their training or legal authority.

Confidentiality duty

Patient information is protected and may be disclosed only with consent or where required by law.

Hand hygiene timing

Wash with soap and water or use alcohol-based rub before and after every patient contact and after contact with body fluids.

Autoclave standard cycle

Sterilization typically uses 121 degrees Celsius at 15 psi for 15 to 20 minutes, or 134 degrees Celsius for a shorter cycle.

Sharps disposal rule

Needles and blades are never recapped by hand and are placed directly into puncture-resistant, labeled sharps containers.