HN-BC cheat sheet

Holistic nursing is defined by AHNA/ANA as all nursing practice that has healing the whole person as its goal - body, mind, spirit, emotion, and relationships - within the surrounding environment.

Holism holds that the whole is greater than and different from the sum of its parts; dualism, which separates mind from body, is rejected as a basis for care.

Nightingale's environmental theory assigns the nurse the task of putting the patient in the best condition for nature to act, chiefly through air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and diet.

Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings describes human and environmental fields as irreducible, pandimensional, and identified by pattern; change is continuous and innovative.

Watson's Theory of Human Caring centers on transpersonal caring moments and ten Caritas Processes that express a caring consciousness in practice.

Newman's Health as Expanding Consciousness treats health as the pattern of the whole person; disease and disruption are part of an unfolding expansion of consciousness, not separate from health.

Neuman's Systems Model views the client as a system surrounded by flexible, normal, and resistance lines of defense reacting to intrapersonal, interpersonal, and extrapersonal stressors.

Core ethical principles: autonomy (self-determination), beneficence (do good), nonmaleficence (avoid harm), justice (fairness), veracity (truthfulness), and fidelity (keeping promises).

The ANA Code of Ethics contains nine provisions; Provision 1 establishes compassion, respect, and inherent dignity for every person as the nurse's first obligation.

The holistic caring process follows assessment, nursing diagnosis, outcome identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation, applying a whole-person lens at every step.

Assessment gathers physical, emotional, spiritual, cultural, developmental, and environmental data, plus the client's own goals, values, and self-care practices.

FICA is a short spiritual screen: Faith or Belief, Importance or Influence, Community, and Address in care.

Pain is subjective; the patient's self-report is the most reliable indicator, and validated behavioral tools such as PAINAD are used when self-report is not possible.

SMART outcome criteria are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound, allowing objective comparison of results against expected outcomes.

Healing Touch, Reiki, and Therapeutic Touch are biofield energy therapies that require specific training and informed consent and are complementary to, never substitutes for, indicated medical treatment.

Supported mind-body interventions include diaphragmatic breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, guided imagery, meditation/MBSR, music, and aromatherapy massage for anxiety and pain.

NANDA-I diagnoses are classified as actual, risk, health-promotion, and syndrome, each carrying defining characteristics and related factors that direct interventions.

Evaluation compares achieved outcomes with expected outcomes and triggers revision of the plan when goals are not met or the situation changes.

Peplau's interpersonal theory describes three phases: orientation, working (identification and exploitation), and termination or resolution.

Therapeutic techniques include active listening, open-ended questions, reflection, restatement, clarification, summarizing, silence, and offering self.

Non-therapeutic responses include advice-giving, false reassurance, approval or disapproval, changing the subject, asking "why," and stereotyping.

Empathy is accurate understanding of another's experience communicated back to that person; sympathy is emotional identification or pity that can blur professional boundaries.

Professional boundaries keep the relationship time-limited and client-centered; self-disclosure is minimal and used only with a clear therapeutic purpose.

Transference is the client's displacement of feelings from significant past relationships onto the nurse; countertransference is the nurse's own emotional reaction to the client.

Nightingale's environmental canons - fresh air, light, warmth, quiet, cleanliness, and diet - remain the foundation of a healing environment.

Evidence-informed environmental design includes noise reduction, private rooms, natural light and nature views, art, music, and reduced clutter to improve sleep and lower anxiety.

Teach-back confirms understanding by asking the client to explain information in their own words; SBAR structures handoff as Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation.

Campinha-Bacote's cultural competence model comprises cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skill, cultural encounters, and cultural desire, with cultural desire as the driving force.

Cultural humility is a lifelong, other-oriented process of self-reflection and redress of power imbalances, contrasted with a static claim of cultural "competence."

Kleinman's explanatory model questions elicit the patient's name for the problem, perceived cause, mechanism, severity, and expected treatment so a plan can be negotiated.

LEARN stands for Listen, Explain, Acknowledge, Recommend, and Negotiate - a sequence for reaching a shared plan in cross-cultural encounters.

Health equity means a fair opportunity to attain the highest level of health and allocates resources by need; equality gives identical resources to everyone regardless of need.

The five social determinants of health domains are economic stability, education access and quality, health care access and quality, neighborhood and built environment, and social and community context.

Health literacy practice: plain language at roughly a 5th–6th grade level, 3–5 key messages, teach-back, and universal precautions because most adults overestimate their own literacy.

Use a qualified medical interpreter for patients with limited English proficiency; do not rely on family members and never on minor children, because errors and confidentiality breaches increase.

The National CLAS Standards require culturally and linguistically appropriate services, including language assistance, translated materials, and organizational governance that supports equity.

Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt hierarchy: I = systematic review/meta-analysis of RCTs; II = RCT; III = non-randomized controlled trial; IV = case-control or cohort; V = systematic review of descriptive/qualitative studies; VI = single descriptive/qualitative study; VII = expert opinion.

PICO frames a searchable clinical question: Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome.

The 5 A's of evidence-based practice are Ask, Acquire, Appraise, Apply, and Assess.

Reliability is the consistency or reproducibility of a measure; validity is whether it measures what it claims; sensitivity detects true positives and specificity detects true negatives.

The Belmont Report's three principles are respect for persons (informed consent), beneficence (maximize benefit, minimize harm), and justice (fair distribution of burdens and benefits), applied through IRB review.

Lewin's change model is unfreezing, moving, and refreezing; Kotter's eight-step model builds urgency and anchors change in organizational culture.

PDSA (Plan-Do-Study-Act) drives iterative improvement, and the IHI Model for Improvement pairs it with three questions and measurable aims.

Transformational leadership operates through idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration.

ANA Code of Ethics Provision 7 obligates nurses to advance the profession through research, scholarly inquiry, and development of practice standards; fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism are prohibited.