HN-BC flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Holistic nursing definition

Holistic nursing is all nursing practice that has healing the whole person as its goal, addressing body, mind, spirit, emotion, and environment in partnership with the client.

Holism versus dualism

Holism views a person as an integrated whole greater than and different from the sum of the parts, whereas dualism separates mind and body and is rejected in holistic nursing.

Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings

Rogers describes humans and environment as irreducible, pandimensional energy fields identified by pattern, with nursing promoting patterning and well-being through the mutual human-environment process.

Watson's Theory of Human Caring

Watson's theory centers on transpersonal caring moments and ten Caritas Processes that guide nurses to honor the whole person and create a caring-healing environment.

Newman's Health as Expanding Consciousness

Newman defines health as the pattern of the whole person; disease and disruption belong to an unfolding expansion of consciousness rather than existing separately from health.

Nightingale's environmental theory

Nightingale held that nursing puts the patient in the best condition for nature to act, chiefly by managing fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and diet.

Beneficence and nonmaleficence

Beneficence is the duty to act for the patient's benefit; nonmaleficence is the duty to avoid causing harm. Together they anchor clinical ethical decision-making.

Holistic caring process steps

The process follows assessment, nursing diagnosis, outcome identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation, gathering whole-person data on physical, emotional, spiritual, cultural, and environmental dimensions.

FICA spiritual assessment

FICA stands for Faith or Belief, Importance or Influence, Community, and Address in care - a brief tool for exploring a patient's spiritual resources and needs.

SMART outcome criteria

Outcomes should be Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound so progress can be evaluated objectively against an expected, documented end point.

Therapeutic Touch versus Reiki

Therapeutic Touch and Reiki are biofield energy therapies requiring specific training and consent; they are complementary and never replace indicated medical treatment for a diagnosed condition.

Pain as subjective experience

Pain is whatever the person says it is; self-report is the most reliable indicator, and validated behavioral tools such as PAINAD are used when self-report is impossible.

NANDA-I nursing diagnosis types

NANDA-I diagnoses are classified as actual, risk, health-promotion, and syndrome, each with defining characteristics and related factors that direct the plan of care.

Peplau's interpersonal relationship phases

Peplau described the nurse-client relationship in three phases: orientation, working (identification and exploitation), and termination, with the nurse acting as resource, counselor, and teacher.

Empathy versus sympathy

Empathy is accurately perceiving and communicating understanding of another person's experience, while sympathy is emotional identification or pity that can blur the professional boundary.

Transference and countertransference

Transference is the client displacing feelings from past significant relationships onto the nurse; countertransference is the nurse's own emotional reaction to that client.

Non-therapeutic communication responses

Giving advice, offering false reassurance, approval or disapproval, changing the subject, asking "why," and stereotyping block exploration and shut down the client's expression of feeling.

Nightingale's environmental canons

Fresh air, light, warmth, quiet, cleanliness, and diet are the environmental canons Nightingale identified as essential to placing patients in the best condition for healing.

Teach-back method

Teach-back asks the client to restate information in their own words, confirming understanding and revealing gaps more reliably than asking whether they have questions.

Campinha-Bacote cultural competence model

The model comprises cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skill, cultural encounters, and cultural desire, with cultural desire as the motivation that drives the journey toward competence.

Cultural humility definition

Cultural humility is a lifelong, self-reflective process that acknowledges power imbalances and one's own limitations, committing the clinician to redress inequity in each encounter.

Kleinman's explanatory model questions

Asking what the patient calls the problem, what caused it, how it works, how severe it is, and what treatment is expected reveals the patient's health beliefs and expectations.

Health equity versus equality

Equality gives everyone identical resources; equity distributes resources according to need so all people have a fair opportunity to attain their highest level of health.

Social determinants of health domains

The five domains are economic stability, education access and quality, health care access and quality, neighborhood and built environment, and social and community context.

Qualified medical interpreter use

Patients with limited English proficiency require a qualified medical interpreter; family members and especially minor children should not interpret, since errors and confidentiality breaches increase.

Melnyk evidence hierarchy Level I

Level I evidence is a systematic review or meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, the strongest of the seven levels in the Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt hierarchy.

PICO question format

PICO specifies the Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome, converting a clinical uncertainty into a searchable and answerable evidence-based practice question.

Five A's of EBP

The five A's are Ask, Acquire, Appraise, Apply, and Assess, describing the sequence from forming a clinical question to evaluating the resulting practice change.

Reliability versus validity

Reliability is the consistency and reproducibility of a measurement; validity is the degree to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure.

Belmont Report principles

The Belmont Report names respect for persons, beneficence, and justice as the principles governing human subjects research, operationalized through informed consent and institutional review board oversight.

Lewin's change theory

Lewin described change as unfreezing (creating readiness), moving (implementing the change), and refreezing (stabilizing the new behavior), a foundation for leading practice change.

Transformational leadership components

Transformational leaders use idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration to raise motivation, commitment, and performance beyond expected levels.