Provimi i Informatizuar i Mjekësisë flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Acute coronary occlusion causing ST elevation in contiguous leads; requires urgent reperfusion by primary percutaneous coronary intervention or fibrinolysis when timely.

CURB-65 score

Pneumonia severity tool scoring confusion, urea, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and age; two or more points suggests inpatient management.

Anion gap

Calculated as sodium minus chloride minus bicarbonate; elevated gap suggests ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, or toxic ingestion.

Alvarado score

Clinical scoring system for appendicitis using migration of pain, anorexia, nausea, tenderness, rebound, fever, and leukocytosis.

FAST examination

Bedside ultrasound assessing free fluid in pericardial and intraperitoneal spaces; used in trauma for rapid triage of unstable patients.

ATLS primary survey

Sequential assessment of airway with cervical spine protection, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure in trauma patients.

Preeclampsia

New hypertension after 20 weeks of gestation with proteinuria or end-organ dysfunction; delivery is the definitive treatment.

Ectopic pregnancy

Implantation outside the uterine cavity; suspected when beta-hCG exceeds the discriminatory zone without an intrauterine gestational sac.

Postpartum hemorrhage

Excessive blood loss after delivery, most commonly from uterine atony; managed with massage, uterotonics, and volume resuscitation.

Kawasaki disease

Vasculitis of childhood with prolonged fever and mucocutaneous features; treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin to prevent coronary complications.

Bronchiolitis

Lower respiratory infection of infants, usually from respiratory syncytial virus; management is supportive with oxygen and hydration.

Pyloric stenosis

Hypertrophy of the pyloric muscle causing projectile nonbilious vomiting in infants, with hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis and a palpable mass.

Sensitivity

Proportion of truly diseased people who test positive; calculated as true positives divided by true positives plus false negatives.

Specificity

Proportion of truly healthy people who test negative; calculated as true negatives divided by true negatives plus false positives.

Herd immunity threshold

Proportion of a population that must be immune to interrupt transmission; calculated as one minus one divided by the basic reproduction number.

Relative risk

Ratio of disease incidence in exposed versus unexposed groups; used in cohort studies to quantify association.

Odds ratio

Ratio of odds of exposure in cases versus controls; approximates relative risk when the disease is rare.

Type I error

Rejecting a true null hypothesis; its probability is alpha, conventionally set at 0.05.

Volume of distribution

Apparent volume calculated as dose divided by plasma concentration; a large value indicates extensive tissue distribution.

N-acetylcysteine

Antidote for paracetamol overdose that replenishes glutathione; dosing is guided by the Rumack-Matthew nomogram.

Zero-order kinetics

Elimination at a constant rate independent of drug concentration, seen with ethanol and high-dose phenytoin; risk of accumulation.

Coagulative necrosis

Necrosis typical of ischemic injury in most organs except the brain; tissue architecture is preserved temporarily.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death mediated by caspases; energy-dependent and does not provoke inflammation.

Distributive shock

Shock with low systemic vascular resistance and inadequate tissue perfusion, as in sepsis or anaphylaxis.

Informed consent

Valid permission for treatment requiring capacity, adequate information, understanding, and voluntariness, documented in the record.

Medical negligence

Professional liability requiring duty of care, breach of standard, causation, and resulting damages.

Cardiac output

Product of heart rate and stroke volume; stroke volume depends on preload, afterload, and myocardial contractility.

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

pH equals 6.1 plus the logarithm of bicarbonate concentration divided by 0.03 times arterial carbon dioxide pressure.

Anaphylaxis treatment

Intramuscular adrenaline 0.5 mg of 1:1000 solution into the anterolateral thigh, followed by airway support and fluids.

qSOFA criteria

Bedside sepsis screen scoring respiratory rate 22 or more, altered mentation, and systolic blood pressure 100 mmHg or less.

Lung-protective ventilation

Ventilation strategy using tidal volumes near 6 mL/kg predicted body weight to reduce ventilator-induced injury in ARDS.

FHIR standard

Health interoperability specification using RESTful application programming interfaces to exchange clinical data between systems.