Provimi i Informatizuar i Mjekësisë key terms

The proportion of people who truly have a disease and are correctly identified as positive by a test. It measures how well a test detects disease when disease is present.

The proportion of people without a disease who are correctly identified as negative by a test. It measures how well a test rules out disease in healthy people.

The probability that a person with a positive test result actually has the disease. It depends strongly on how common the disease is in the tested population.

The probability that a person with a negative test result truly does not have the disease. It rises when the disease is rare in the population tested.

The total number of existing cases of a disease in a population at a given point or period, divided by the population size. It describes how widespread a condition is.

The number of new cases of a disease arising in a population over a defined period, divided by the population at risk. It measures how fast new disease appears.

The ratio of disease incidence in an exposed group to incidence in an unexposed group. A value above one suggests the exposure increases disease risk.

The ratio of the odds of exposure among cases to the odds of exposure among controls. It estimates association strength, especially in case-control studies.

A distortion of the measured association between exposure and outcome caused by a third factor linked to both. It can create apparent effects that are not real.

A systematic error arising when the groups compared differ in ways related to the outcome because of how participants were chosen or retained. It threatens study validity.

The random allocation of participants to treatment or control groups so that known and unknown characteristics are balanced. It reduces bias when comparing interventions.

A range of values, calculated from sample data, that is likely to contain the true population parameter with a stated probability. It expresses estimate precision.

The probability of observing a result at least as extreme as the one found, assuming the null hypothesis is true. It is not the probability that the hypothesis is true.

The study of how the body handles a drug over time, covering absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. It links dose to drug concentration in the body.

The study of what a drug does to the body, including its mechanism of action, receptor effects, and the relationship between concentration and response. It explains drug action.

The time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to fall by half during elimination. It guides dosing intervals and predicts how quickly a drug clears.

The fraction of an administered dose of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation unchanged. Intravenous dosing is taken as complete, while oral dosing is often lower.

Breakdown of an orally taken drug in the gut wall or liver before it reaches the general circulation. It can greatly reduce the effective dose absorbed.

The ratio between a drug dose that causes toxicity and a dose that produces the desired effect. A low value means the drug is risky and needs careful monitoring.

A patient's voluntary agreement to a medical intervention after receiving and understanding adequate information about its nature, benefits, risks, and alternatives. It respects patient autonomy.

The principle that a competent patient has the right to make decisions about their own care according to personal values, even if others disagree. It underpins consent and refusal.

The duty of health professionals to keep patient information private and share it only with those involved in care or when legally required. It builds trust in the clinical relationship.

A patient's ability to understand relevant information and appreciate the consequences of a decision about their care. It is assessed for a specific decision at a specific time.

Failure to provide the standard of care that a reasonably competent professional would give, resulting in harm to the patient. It requires a duty, a breach, causation, and damage.

The level and type of care that a reasonably competent practitioner in the same field would provide in similar circumstances. It is the benchmark for judging negligence.

The process of sorting patients by urgency so that limited resources go first to those who need immediate care. It is used in emergencies and mass-casualty situations.

A structured sequence for assessing critically ill patients: airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure. It prioritizes life-threatening problems and is repeated as the patient changes.

A state of inadequate tissue perfusion that deprives cells of oxygen and nutrients, leading to organ dysfunction. It can arise from blood loss, infection, heart failure, or allergic reaction.

A life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated body response to infection. Early recognition and prompt treatment with fluids and antibiotics improve survival.

Death of heart muscle caused by sudden blockage of a coronary artery, usually from a blood clot on a ruptured plaque. It presents with chest pain and requires urgent reperfusion.

Persistently elevated arterial blood pressure above defined thresholds, often without symptoms for years. It is a major risk factor for stroke, heart disease, and kidney damage.

A group of metabolic disorders marked by high blood glucose due to insufficient insulin action or secretion. Long-term complications affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels.

A pregnancy disorder appearing after twenty weeks with new high blood pressure and signs of organ damage such as protein in urine. It threatens both mother and fetus.

The age of a pregnancy measured from the first day of the last menstrual period, usually expressed in completed weeks. It guides prenatal care and decisions at delivery.

A rapid assessment of a newborn at one and five minutes after birth, scoring heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, reflexes, and color. It guides immediate neonatal resuscitation.

A deficit of body water that impairs normal function, often from vomiting, diarrhea, or fever. In children it is assessed by signs such as dry mucous membranes and reduced skin turgor.

The ability of microorganisms to survive exposure to drugs that would normally kill or inhibit them. It is driven by overuse and misuse of antibiotics and threatens treatment of infections.

Testing apparently healthy people to detect disease at an early, treatable stage before symptoms appear. Its value depends on test accuracy, disease burden, and available treatment.

A digital longitudinal record of a patient's health information shared across care settings. It supports clinical decisions, continuity of care, and reporting, while raising privacy concerns.

The delivery of clinical services at a distance using information and communication technology. It improves access to specialists but requires attention to consent, privacy, and record keeping.