Armenia Biology Unified Exam study plan

Distinguish mitosis from meiosis by comparing chromosome behavior and outcomes

Solve monohybrid and dihybrid cross problems using Punnett squares and probability rules

Explain the central dogma and identify the roles of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA in translation

Describe the stages of DNA replication and the enzymes involved

Apply the laws of segregation and independent assortment to predict offspring ratios

Analyze pedigrees to determine modes of inheritance

Transcribe and translate a given DNA sequence into an amino acid chain using a codon table

Explain gene regulation and mutation types with examples

Label the organelles of a eukaryotic cell and state each organelle's function

Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure

Describe the stages of cellular respiration and where each occurs

Explain the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis

Distinguish aerobic from anaerobic metabolism in terms of ATP yield

Describe the phases of the cell cycle and checkpoints

Explain fertilization, cleavage, and gastrulation in early development

Compare direct and indirect development with examples

Identify the stages of embryogenesis in a representative vertebrate

Classify major animal phyla by body plan and symmetry

Describe the structure and function of the human circulatory and respiratory systems

Trace the path of blood through the heart and pulmonary circuit

Explain gas exchange at the alveoli

Describe digestion and absorption along the human alimentary canal

Explain nephron function in urine formation

Identify the parts of the nervous system and describe reflex arcs

Compare endocrine gland hormones and their target effects

Label the parts of a flowering plant and describe transport in xylem and phloem

Explain alternation of generations in plants

Compare major plant groups (mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms)

Describe plant responses to light and gravity

Explain natural selection and the evidence supporting evolution

Distinguish homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures

Describe energy flow and trophic levels in an ecosystem

Explain the carbon and nitrogen cycles and human impacts on the biosphere

Outline conservation strategies for biodiversity