OA Admission Exam flashcards
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32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Keratoconus sign
- Inferior corneal steepening with Fleischer ring, Vogt striae, and Munson sign on downgaze; progressive ectasia requiring specialty contact lens fitting or crosslinking.
- Anterior uveitis
- Inflammation of the iris and ciliary body causing ciliary flush, consensual photophobia, and cells and flare in the anterior chamber; hypopyon indicates severe disease.
- Latanoprost mechanism
- Prostaglandin analog that lowers intraocular pressure by increasing uveoscleral outflow; adverse effects include iris darkening, eyelash lengthening, and periorbital fat atrophy.
- Timolol contraindications
- Beta-blocker that reduces aqueous production; contraindicated in asthma, COPD, and heart block, and can mask hypoglycemia symptoms in diabetic patients.
- Spherical equivalent formula
- Sphere power plus half the cylinder power; used to convert astigmatic prescriptions for contact lenses and to plan refractive surgery.
- Vertex distance effect
- For powers beyond plus or minus four diopters, moving a lens closer to the eye decreases effective plus power and increases effective minus power.
- Giant papillary conjunctivitis
- Contact lens complication with cobblestone papillae on the upper tarsal conjunctiva, linked to protein deposits and lens wear; treat by refitting and reducing deposits.
- Scleral lens fit
- Vaults the cornea and lands on the sclera; assess corneal clearance and conjunctival bearing, especially in keratoconus and irregular corneas.
- Cover-uncover test
- Detects a tropia by observing refixation when one eye is covered; the alternate cover test detects a phoria by breaking fusion.
- Convergence insufficiency
- Near point of convergence greater than six centimeters with reduced positive fusional vergence and near-work symptoms; treated with convergence exercises.
- Marfan syndrome eye finding
- Ectopia lentis with superotemporal lens dislocation, tall stature, and aortic root dilation; requires systemic and cardiac evaluation.
- Graves disease eye findings
- Proptosis, lid retraction, and restrictive myopathy with inferior rectus most commonly involved; optic neuropathy can occur in severe cases.
- Afferent pupillary defect
- Swinging flashlight test shows dilation when light moves to the affected eye; indicates optic nerve or severe retinal disease.
- Third nerve palsy
- Ptosis, down-and-out eye, and mydriasis if compressive; pupil-sparing suggests ischemic cause and requires urgent evaluation.
- Chemical burn management
- Immediate copious irrigation with saline or water for at least fifteen to thirty minutes before examination; check pH after irrigation and refer urgently.
- Central retinal artery occlusion
- Sudden painless monocular vision loss with cherry-red spot and boxcarring; treat as emergency with IOP lowering and systemic workup.
- Informed consent elements
- Disclosure of diagnosis, treatment options, risks, benefits, and alternatives, documented in the medical record before proceeding.
- HIPAA disclosure rule
- Protected health information may be disclosed for treatment, payment, and operations without authorization; other disclosures require patient authorization.
- Bitemporal hemianopia
- Visual field defect localizing to the optic chiasm, often from pituitary adenoma; affects both temporal fields.
- Papilledema
- Bilateral optic disc swelling from elevated intracranial pressure; spares the fovea and requires urgent neuroimaging and lumbar puncture.
- Cycloplegic duration
- Atropine lasts seven to fourteen days, cyclopentolate about twenty-four hours, and tropicamide four to six hours; cycloplegia is required for retinoscopy in children.
- Topical steroid risks
- Elevated intraocular pressure, cataract formation, delayed wound healing, and increased infection risk; monitor IOP during prolonged use.
- Jackson cross-cylinder
- Refines cylinder axis first, then power, by presenting two images of equal spherical equivalent for patient comparison.
- Prism power formula
- Prism diopters equal one hundred times displacement in centimeters divided by distance in meters; used to measure and correct deviations.
- Microbial keratitis risk
- Contact lens wear, especially overnight wear, poor hygiene, and deposit buildup; Pseudomonas is the most common pathogen.
- RGP lens fit
- Rigid gas permeable lenses should have minimal apical clearance; excessive clearance causes corneal edema and indicates a steep fit.
- Amblyopia treatment
- Refractive correction, patching, or atropine penalization; two to six hours of daily patching is effective for moderate amblyopia.
- Parks-Bielschowsky test
- Three-step test for vertical deviation that identifies superior oblique palsy by head tilt and gaze direction.
- Homocystinuria lens finding
- Ectopia lentis with inferonasal lens dislocation, intellectual disability, and thromboembolism; distinct from Marfan syndrome.
- Sarcoidosis eye findings
- Granulomatous uveitis, conjunctival nodules, and optic nerve involvement; chest imaging and biopsy support the diagnosis.
- Horner syndrome
- Ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis from sympathetic chain disruption; apraclonidine testing and localization guide workup.
- Endophthalmitis
- Postoperative pain, decreased vision, and hypopyon; requires urgent vitreous tap and intravitreal antibiotics.