AOBOO Ophthalmology & Otolaryngology-HNS flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Corneal abrasion treatment

Topical antibiotic ointment or drops, consider cycloplegic for pain; avoid patching if contact lens-related due to Pseudomonas risk.

Bacterial keratitis

Corneal infection with infiltrate and possible hypopyon; treat with topical fluoroquinolone hourly around the clock; avoid steroids initially.

Herpes simplex keratitis

Dendritic ulcer with terminal bulbs; treat with topical ganciclovir or oral acyclovir; topical steroids alone contraindicated.

Acanthamoeba keratitis

Contact lens-related infection with severe pain, ring infiltrate; treat with biguanides and diamidines; avoid steroids.

Central retinal artery occlusion

Sudden painless vision loss, cherry-red spot, boxcarring; treat with ocular massage, paracentesis, beta-blocker; workup embolic source.

Central retinal vein occlusion

Blood and thunder fundus, disc edema, macular edema; treat macular edema with anti-VEGF or steroid implant; monitor for neovascular glaucoma.

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Neovascularization of disc or elsewhere; high-risk characterized by vitreous hemorrhage or tractional detachment; treat with panretinal photocoagulation.

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

Retinal tear with subretinal fluid; symptoms flashes, floaters, visual field defect; treat with scleral buckle or vitrectomy.

Wet age-related macular degeneration

Choroidal neovascularization causing sudden vision distortion; treat with intravitreal anti-VEGF injections; dry type has drusen and atrophy.

Primary open-angle glaucoma

Optic disc cupping and visual field defects; first-line prostaglandin analogs; monitor intraocular pressure and field progression.

Acute angle-closure glaucoma

Severe eye pain, headache, mid-dilated fixed pupil, corneal edema; treat with topical beta-blocker, pilocarpine, IV acetazolamide, then laser iridotomy.

Optic neuritis

Painful vision loss, afferent pupillary defect, dyschromatopsia; associated with multiple sclerosis; treat with IV corticosteroids for severe cases.

Papilledema

Bilateral optic disc edema from increased intracranial pressure; symptoms transient visual obscurations, headache; workup with neuroimaging and lumbar puncture.

Third nerve palsy

Ptosis, diplopia, eye down and out; pupil involvement suggests compressive lesion like aneurysm; urgent neuroimaging required.

Acute otitis media

Bulging tympanic membrane, otalgia, fever; common pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae; first-line amoxicillin or amoxicillin-clavulanate.

Cholesteatoma

Keratinizing squamous epithelium in middle ear; painless otorrhea, conductive hearing loss; treat with surgical excision (tympanomastoidectomy).

Meniere disease

Episodic vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, aural fullness; treat with low-salt diet, diuretics, intratympanic steroids or gentamicin.

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Brief vertigo with head position changes; Dix-Hallpike maneuver positive; treat with Epley canalith repositioning.

Vestibular schwannoma

Unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus, imbalance; MRI with gadolinium shows enhancing cerebellopontine angle mass; treat with observation, surgery, or radiation.

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss

>30 dB loss over 3 contiguous frequencies within 72 hours; treat with high-dose oral corticosteroids; urgent MRI to rule out retrocochlear lesion.

Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis

Symptoms >10 days or worsening after 5 days; treat with amoxicillin-clavulanate; avoid antibiotics for viral rhinosinusitis.

Allergic rhinitis

Sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, itchy eyes; first-line intranasal corticosteroids and oral antihistamines; immunotherapy for refractory cases.

Epistaxis

Anterior bleeding from Kiesselbach plexus; apply pressure, topical vasoconstrictor, cautery; posterior bleeding requires packing and ENT consult.

Nasal septal hematoma

Bilateral nasal obstruction after trauma; must drain to prevent septal necrosis and saddle nose deformity.

Laryngeal cancer

Hoarseness >2 weeks, smoking history; diagnosis by laryngoscopy and biopsy; treat with radiation or surgery depending on stage.

Thyroid nodule evaluation

Check TSH, ultrasound, and fine-needle aspiration if >1 cm or suspicious features; Bethesda category guides management.

Papillary thyroid carcinoma

Most common thyroid cancer; lymphatic spread; treat with total thyroidectomy and possible radioactive iodine.

Parathyroid adenoma

Primary hyperparathyroidism with elevated calcium, low phosphate, elevated PTH; treat with surgical excision of adenoma.

Ludwig angina

Bilateral submandibular cellulitis; board-like neck, tongue elevation; secure airway and IV antibiotics.

Tonsillectomy indications

Recurrent tonsillitis (7 episodes in 1 year, 5 per year for 2 years, 3 per year for 3 years), obstructive sleep apnea; post-tonsillectomy bleeding is an emergency.

Croup

Barking cough, inspiratory stridor, hoarseness; treat with dexamethasone and nebulized epinephrine for severe cases.

Epiglottitis

Drooling, dysphagia, distress, tripod position; do not examine throat; secure airway in OR; caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (vaccine-preventable).

Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis

Administer within 60 minutes before incision; re-dose if surgery >4 hours or blood loss >1500 mL.