ANAC Private Pilot Airplane (PPA) (ANAC) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

VFR minimum visibility below 3,000 ft

In controlled airspace at or below 3,000 ft AMSL, VFR requires 5 km flight visibility and cloud clearance of 1,500 m horizontally and 300 m vertically.

Class C airspace requirement

VFR flight in Class C airspace requires two-way radio communication and an ATC clearance before entering the airspace.

Private pilot licence limitation

A PPA does not permit flight for hire or remuneration; carrying passengers for payment is a commercial operation requiring a commercial licence.

Documents required on board

The aircraft must carry the registration certificate, airworthiness certificate, crew licences, journey log, and radio station licence.

Four-stroke engine cycle

The cycle is intake, compression, power, and exhaust; the camshaft rotates at half the crankshaft speed to operate the valves.

Detonation versus pre-ignition

Detonation is explosive uncontrolled combustion after the spark; pre-ignition is ignition before the spark. Both are reduced by richer mixture and lower power.

Pitot-static system instruments

The airspeed indicator uses pitot and static pressure; the altimeter and vertical speed indicator use static pressure only.

Carburettor icing conditions

Carburettor icing is most likely at ambient temperatures between -7 °C and +21 °C with high humidity; carburettor heat raises intake temperature.

Density altitude effects

Density altitude increases with high elevation, high temperature, high humidity, and low pressure, degrading takeoff, climb, and landing performance.

Load factor in a bank

Load factor n = 1 / cos(bank angle); at 60° bank the load factor is 2 g and the stall speed increases by a factor of √2.

Best angle versus best rate

Vx gives maximum altitude gain per unit horizontal distance; Vy gives maximum altitude gain per unit time and is used for normal climb.

Aft centre of gravity effect

An aft CG reduces longitudinal stability, increases stall and spin susceptibility, and may lengthen takeoff distance.

Hypoxia onset altitude

Hypoxia symptoms appear above 10,000 ft without supplemental oxygen; night vision deteriorates first, followed by colour and central vision.

Time of useful consciousness

Time of useful consciousness is about 3–5 minutes at 25,000 ft and only 15–20 seconds at 40,000 ft.

Hyperventilation treatment

Hyperventilation causes dizziness and tingling; treatment is to slow the breathing rate, whereas hypoxia is treated with oxygen and descent.

Spatial disorientation

Spatial disorientation results from conflicting vestibular inputs; the pilot must rely on instruments rather than physical sensations.

Standard atmosphere values

Sea-level pressure is 1013.25 hPa, temperature 15 °C, and the lapse rate is 2 °C per 1,000 ft up to 36,000 ft.

QNH versus QFE

QNH makes the altimeter read elevation above mean sea level; QFE makes it read height above the reference point.

Cold front characteristics

A cold front brings rapid passage, cumulonimbus clouds, heavy showers, and a marked wind shift.

Southern Hemisphere wind deflection

The Coriolis force deflects wind to the left in the Southern Hemisphere, producing anticlockwise circulation around a high-pressure system.

Thunderstorm ingredients

Thunderstorms require moisture, instability, and a lifting mechanism; cumulonimbus clouds should be avoided.

Nautical mile and knot

One nautical mile equals 1,852 m and one knot is one nautical mile per hour; one degree of latitude equals 60 NM.

Heading conversion sequence

True course plus wind correction gives true heading; add magnetic variation for magnetic heading; add deviation for compass heading.

One-in-sixty rule

A 1° heading error over 60 NM produces a 1 NM off-track displacement.

VOR radial definition

A VOR radial is the magnetic bearing from the station; the CDI centres when the selected OBS matches the radial to or from the station.

Emergency frequency and codes

The emergency frequency is 121.5 MHz; transponder codes are 7700 for emergency, 7600 for radio failure, and 7500 for hijacking.

Engine failure after takeoff

Lower the nose to best glide speed, select a landing site within gliding range, and avoid turning back below 1,000 ft AGL.

Stall recovery procedure

Reduce angle of attack by lowering the nose, apply full power, level the wings, and retract flaps as appropriate.

Wake turbulence avoidance

Take off before and land after a larger aircraft, and stay above and upwind of its flight path.

Lift formula

Lift equals one-half rho times velocity squared times wing area times lift coefficient; lift increases with the square of airspeed.

Critical angle of attack

The critical angle of attack is the angle at which the wing stalls; it is independent of weight, airspeed, and bank angle.

Induced versus parasite drag

Induced drag decreases with increasing airspeed; parasite drag increases with the square of airspeed; total drag is minimum at L/D max.