Air Navigation (Navegação Aérea)
Navigation questions cover dead reckoning, pilotage, and the use of charts, the magnetic compass, and time/distance calculations. You must understand the difference between true, magnetic, and compass headings (variation and deviation), how to apply wind correction to compute heading and groundspeed, and how to use the navigation computer (E6B) or mental math. Know latitude/longitude, the properties of aeronautical charts, and the meaning of track versus heading versus bearing. Also understand the magnetic compass errors - variation, deviation, and the turning and acceleration errors during turns and speed changes.
Traps here are almost always about sign errors and unit confusion. Candidates forget that variation east is subtracted from true heading to get magnetic, or they mix up track (path over ground) with heading (where the nose points). Wind correction problems require you to compute the wind triangle; a common mistake is using true airspeed instead of groundspeed to compute time en route. Compass turning errors are another favorite: during a turn through north the compass lags, and through south it leads. Always convert units consistently and sanity-check the answer.
Rule of thumb: "True virgins make dull company" - True + Variation = Magnetic, Magnetic + Deviation = Compass. Worked example: true course 090°, variation 10° E, deviation 2° W gives magnetic 080° and compass 082°. For time, use groundspeed: 120 NM at 120 kt GS is 1 h.