Arab Board Family Medicine Final Written flashcards
Arab Board Family Medicine Final Written · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Biopsychosocial model
- A framework proposed by Engel integrating biological, psychological and social factors in health and illness; it underpins patient-centred family medicine consultations.
- Informed consent elements
- Valid consent requires capacity, adequate disclosure of information, comprehension and voluntariness; it should be documented in the medical record.
- Ottawa Charter actions
- Five health promotion actions: build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills and reorient health services.
- Lead-time bias
- Apparent survival gain after screening because diagnosis is moved earlier in time without changing the time of death; it can falsely suggest screening benefit.
- CHA2DS2-VASc score
- Stroke risk tool in atrial fibrillation: congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 (2 points), diabetes, stroke/TIA (2), vascular disease, age 65-74, female sex.
- CURB-65
- Community-acquired pneumonia severity score: confusion, urea >7 mmol/L, respiratory rate ≥30/min, blood pressure <90/60 mmHg, age ≥65; score ≥2 suggests admission.
- Prediabetes thresholds
- HbA1c 5.7-6.4% or fasting plasma glucose 5.6-6.9 mmol/L; lifestyle intervention reduces progression to diabetes by about 58%.
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Proteinuria greater than 3.5 g/day with hypoalbuminaemia, oedema and hyperlipidaemia; caused by glomerular disease such as minimal change or membranous nephropathy.
- PALM-COEIN
- Classification of abnormal uterine bleeding: polyp, adenomyosis, leiomyoma, malignancy/hyperplasia; coagulopathy, ovulatory dysfunction, endometrial, iatrogenic, not otherwise classified.
- Preeclampsia definition
- New hypertension ≥140/90 mmHg after 20 weeks' gestation with proteinuria or other maternal organ dysfunction; aspirin prophylaxis is used in high-risk women.
- Developmental red flags
- Delayed milestones such as no social smile by 8 weeks, no head control by 4 months, no sitting by 9 months, no walking by 18 months or no words by 18 months.
- Serotonin syndrome
- A toxidrome of agitation, clonus, hyperreflexia and hyperthermia after serotonergic drugs; management is stopping the agent and supportive care.
- Gout crystals
- Negatively birefringent needle-shaped monosodium urate crystals seen on polarised light microscopy of joint aspirate; acute treatment uses NSAIDs, colchicine or corticosteroids.
- Comprehensive geriatric assessment
- A multidimensional evaluation of medical, functional, cognitive, psychological, social and environmental domains to plan care for older adults.
- WHO analgesic ladder
- A three-step approach to cancer pain: non-opioid, then weak opioid, then strong opioid, with adjuvants at each step; laxatives are co-prescribed with opioids.
- Likelihood ratio positive
- LR+ equals sensitivity divided by (1 minus specificity); values above 10 substantially increase the post-test probability of disease.
- PICO
- A structured clinical question format: population, intervention, comparator and outcome; it guides literature searching and critical appraisal.
- Swiss cheese model
- Reason's model of accident causation in which multiple layers of defence each have holes; harm occurs when holes align across layers.
- Funnel plot
- A scatter plot of study effect against precision; asymmetry suggests publication bias or small-study effects in meta-analysis.
- GRADE system
- Rates quality of evidence as high, moderate, low or very low and strength of recommendation as strong or weak, based on risk of bias and other domains.
- CONSORT statement
- Reporting guideline for randomised controlled trials; it improves transparency of design, conduct and analysis.
- Declaration of Helsinki
- An international statement of ethical principles for human medical research, including informed consent, risk-benefit assessment and independent ethical review.
- Random-effects meta-analysis
- A statistical synthesis that assumes true effects vary between studies; it accounts for between-study heterogeneity and usually gives wider confidence intervals.
- PDSA cycle
- Plan-Do-Study-Act: a small-scale iterative quality improvement method used to test and refine changes before wider implementation.
- Number needed to screen
- The number of people who must be screened to prevent one adverse outcome; calculated as 1 divided by the absolute mortality reduction attributable to screening.
- Prescribing cascade
- A situation where an adverse drug effect is misidentified as a new condition and treated with another medicine, increasing polypharmacy and harm.
- Telehealth safety netting
- Clear documented advice given during remote consultations about expected course, warning signs and how and when to seek urgent review.
- Psychological safety
- A team climate in which members feel safe to speak up about errors and concerns without fear of blame or humiliation.
- Premature closure
- A cognitive bias in which a clinician accepts a diagnosis before considering alternatives, increasing the risk of diagnostic error.
- Social determinants of health
- Conditions in which people are born, grow, work and age, including income, education, housing and environment, that shape health outcomes and equity.
- Antimicrobial stewardship
- Coordinated actions to use antimicrobials responsibly: prescribe only when indicated, choose narrow-spectrum agents, review and stop unnecessary treatment.
- Universal health coverage
- A health system goal in which all people receive needed health services without financial hardship; primary health care is its foundation.