Arab Board OB/GYN Final Clinical & Oral flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Nuchal translucency

Fluid collection at the fetal neck measured by ultrasound at 11+0 to 13+6 weeks; increased thickness raises the risk of aneuploidy and structural anomalies.

Preeclampsia severe features

Blood pressure at least 160/110 mmHg, low platelets, elevated liver enzymes, renal impairment, pulmonary edema, or cerebral or visual symptoms requiring urgent management.

Anti-D prophylaxis

Anti-D immunoglobulin given to RhD-negative unsensitized women around 28 weeks and within 72 hours of delivery of an RhD-positive infant to prevent alloimmunization.

Fetal growth restriction

Estimated fetal weight below the 10th centile with evidence of placental insufficiency such as abnormal umbilical artery Doppler, raising risks of stillbirth and neonatal morbidity.

Active first stage

The phase from about 5 cm cervical dilatation to full dilatation, during which progress is typically assessed at roughly 0.5 to 1 cm per hour.

Tachysystole

More than five contractions in ten minutes averaged over thirty minutes; oxytocin should be reduced or stopped and tocolysis considered if fetal status is abnormal.

Shoulder dystocia maneuvers

Sequence including McRoberts position, suprapubic pressure, internal rotation, and delivery of the posterior arm; fundal pressure is avoided because it worsens impaction.

Cord prolapse management

Elevate the presenting part, place the woman in knee-chest or Trendelenburg position, fill the bladder, and arrange immediate delivery while minimizing cord compression.

Primary postpartum hemorrhage

Blood loss of 500 mL or more after vaginal birth or 1000 mL or more after cesarean birth, or any loss producing hemodynamic instability; uterine atony is the commonest cause.

Tranexamic acid in hemorrhage

An antifibrinolytic given as 1 g intravenously within three hours of postpartum hemorrhage onset; it reduces death from bleeding and is given alongside uterotonics.

Magnesium sulfate for eclampsia

Loading dose of 4 to 6 g intravenously followed by 1 to 2 g per hour; recurrent seizures receive a further 2 g bolus with monitoring of reflexes and respiration.

Secondary postpartum hemorrhage

Bleeding from 24 hours to 12 weeks after birth, usually due to retained placental tissue or endometritis; ultrasound and antibiotics with evacuation if tissue is retained.

PALM-COEIN classification

FIGO system for abnormal uterine bleeding: polyp, adenomyosis, leiomyoma, malignancy or hyperplasia versus coagulopathy, ovulatory dysfunction, endometrial, iatrogenic, and not otherwise classified.

Postmenopausal bleeding evaluation

Any bleeding after menopause requires endometrial sampling; transvaginal ultrasound endometrial thickness of 4 mm or less has high negative predictive value in low-risk women.

Ovarian torsion

Sudden unilateral pelvic pain with nausea; Doppler flow may be normal, so clinical suspicion warrants prompt laparoscopy to preserve the ovary.

Bartholin gland abscess

Painful vulvar swelling treated by incision and drainage with a Word catheter or marsupialization; biopsy is advised in women over 40 to exclude malignancy.

Endometrial cancer risk factors

Obesity, nulliparity, unopposed estrogen exposure, tamoxifen use, and Lynch syndrome; postmenopausal bleeding is the cardinal presenting symptom.

Risk of malignancy index

Score combining CA-125, menopausal status, and ultrasound features used to triage adnexal masses for referral to a gynecologic oncology center.

Complete hydatidiform mole

Gestational trophoblastic disease with higher malignant potential than partial mole; serial beta-hCG monitoring detects persistent disease and methotrexate treats low-risk cases.

BRCA risk-reducing surgery

Salpingo-oophorectomy offered after childbearing, around age 35 to 40 for BRCA1 and 40 to 45 for BRCA2 carriers, to reduce ovarian and breast cancer risk.

Infertility definition

Failure to conceive after twelve months of regular unprotected intercourse; earlier investigation is warranted if age is 35 or older, cycles are irregular, or pathology is known.

Ovulation confirmation

A mid-luteal serum progesterone above about 16 nmol/L or 3 ng/mL indicates that ovulation has occurred during that cycle.

Letrozole ovulation induction

Aromatase inhibitor used as first-line ovulation induction in polycystic ovary syndrome, with higher live birth rates and fewer multiple pregnancies than clomiphene.

Premature ovarian insufficiency

Loss of ovarian function before age 40; hormone replacement therapy is continued until at least the usual age of menopause to protect bone and cardiovascular health.

POP-Q staging

Pelvic organ prolapse quantification system with stages 0 to IV; stage II reaches within 1 cm of the hymen, stage III extends beyond it, and stage IV is complete eversion.

Stress urinary incontinence

Involuntary leakage of urine on effort, sneezing, or coughing; first-line treatment is pelvic floor muscle training for at least three months before surgery.

Obstetric anal sphincter injury

Third-degree tears involve the anal sphincter and fourth-degree tears involve the anal epithelium; experienced repair and follow-up reduce later fecal incontinence.

Pessary for prolapse

A removable vaginal device used as first-line conservative treatment for prolapse or incontinence, particularly in older or frail women, with regular follow-up for erosion.

Migraine with aura and estrogen

Combined hormonal contraception is contraindicated because of increased ischemic stroke risk; progestogen-only methods are preferred in these women.

Copper intrauterine device

Emergency contraceptive effective up to five days after unprotected intercourse and a long-acting reversible method with typical use failure below one percent.

Lactational amenorrhea method

Effective contraception only when the woman is under six months postpartum, fully breastfeeding, and remains amenorrheic; otherwise another method is needed.

Informed consent elements

Capacity, adequate disclosure of material risks and alternatives, understanding of the information, and voluntary agreement; the discussion should be documented in the record.