Arab Board OB/GYN Final Clinical & Oral key terms

New-onset hypertension after 20 weeks of gestation accompanied by signs of organ dysfunction such as severe blood pressure elevation, thrombocytopenia, renal or hepatic impairment, pulmonary oedema, or visual and cerebral symptoms. It mandates urgent treatment and usually delivery.

A pregnancy-specific disorder defined by haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets, often occurring with preeclampsia. It can cause right upper quadrant pain, maternal collapse, and hepatic rupture, and delivery is the definitive treatment.

Intravenous or intramuscular magnesium given to women with preeclampsia to prevent or treat eclamptic seizures. Serum levels and reflexes are monitored because toxicity can depress respiration and cardiac conduction, and calcium gluconate is the antidote.

The occurrence of generalised tonic-clonic seizures in a woman with preeclampsia, not explained by another cause. Management includes airway protection, magnesium sulfate, blood pressure control, and delivery once the mother is stabilised.

A fetus that fails to reach its genetically determined growth potential, usually identified by estimated fetal weight below the 10th centile with abnormal Doppler or growth trajectory. It increases risks of stillbirth, hypoxia, and neonatal morbidity.

Ultrasound measurement of blood flow velocity in the umbilical artery, reported as pulsatility index and end-diastolic flow. Absent or reversed end-diastolic flow in growth-restricted fetuses signals placental insufficiency and prompts intensified surveillance or delivery.

Administration of betamethasone or dexamethasone to women at risk of preterm birth between roughly 24 and 34 weeks to accelerate fetal lung maturation. It reduces respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular haemorrhage, and neonatal mortality.

Maternal antibody production against fetal red cell antigens, most often Rhesus D, after fetomaternal haemorrhage. It causes fetal anaemia and hydrops, and is prevented by anti-D immunoglobulin and monitored with antibody titres and middle cerebral artery Doppler.

A stain-based blood test that quantifies fetal red cells in maternal circulation, used to estimate the volume of fetomaternal haemorrhage. It guides whether additional anti-D immunoglobulin is needed in Rhesus-negative women.

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in at least two fetal compartments, such as ascites, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, or skin oedema. Causes include anaemia, cardiac anomalies, infection, and chromosomal disorders, and it carries high perinatal mortality.

Maternal infection with a virus that can cross the placenta and suppress fetal erythropoiesis, causing severe fetal anaemia and hydrops. Surveillance with serial ultrasound and middle cerebral artery Doppler is used, and intrauterine transfusion may be required.

A reduction in amniotic fluid volume, typically defined by a deepest vertical pocket of 2 cm or less or an amniotic fluid index below 5 cm. It may reflect fetal renal anomalies, ruptured membranes, or placental insufficiency.

Rupture of the fetal membranes before 37 weeks of gestation and before the onset of labour. Management balances infection risk, latency prolongation, antenatal corticosteroids, and gestational age at delivery.

Intra-amniotic infection of the membranes and amniotic fluid, suspected clinically by maternal fever with uterine tenderness, purulent discharge, or fetal tachycardia. It requires broad-spectrum antibiotics and prompt delivery.

Intrapartum intravenous penicillin or a suitable alternative given to women colonised with group B streptococcus or with risk factors, to prevent early-onset neonatal sepsis. Screening is usually by rectovaginal swab at 35 to 37 weeks.

Assessment of fetal heart rate tracings by baseline rate, variability, accelerations, and decelerations, classified as normal, suspicious, or pathological. It guides the need for intrauterine resuscitation or expedited delivery.

A second-line test during labour in which a capillary sample from the fetal scalp is analysed for pH or lactate to clarify a suspicious fetal heart tracing. Abnormal values support operative delivery, while normal values allow continued labour.

Excessive frequency or duration of uterine contractions, often related to oxytocin or prostaglandins, that can impair fetal oxygenation and cause fetal heart rate decelerations. Management includes stopping the agent, tocolysis, and maternal repositioning.

Intravenous infusion of synthetic oxytocin to increase contraction strength or frequency in slow or arrested labour. It requires monitoring for hyperstimulation, fetal distress, and, rarely, water intoxication.

A graphic record of cervical dilatation, fetal head descent, contractions, and maternal observations plotted against time in labour. It helps detect slow progress and prompts timely intervention or referral.

Failure of descent of the presenting part despite strong contractions because of a mechanical barrier such as cephalopelvic disproportion or malposition. Signs include a Bandl ring and fetal distress, and it risks uterine rupture and fistula formation.

Failure to deliver the fetal shoulders after delivery of the head, requiring manoeuvres such as McRoberts positioning and suprapubic pressure. It is an obstetric emergency associated with brachial plexus injury and postpartum haemorrhage.

A full-thickness tear of the uterine wall, most often during labour in a scarred uterus, presenting with fetal bradycardia, loss of station, abdominal pain, and maternal shock. It demands immediate laparotomy and delivery.

Blood loss of 500 mL or more after vaginal birth or 1000 mL or more after caesarean birth, or any loss causing haemodynamic compromise. Uterine atony is the commonest cause, and management follows a structured sequence of uterotonics and mechanical measures.

Failure of the uterus to contract adequately after delivery of the placenta, leading to heavy bleeding from the placental site. Risk factors include prolonged labour, overdistension, and multiple pregnancy, and treatment uses uterotonic drugs and massage.

A intrauterine balloon inflated with saline to apply pressure to the uterine cavity and control atonic bleeding when drugs fail. It is a temporising measure while definitive treatment or transfer is arranged.

Failure to deliver the placenta within a defined interval after birth, or incomplete expulsion of placental tissue. It causes haemorrhage and infection and may require manual removal or surgical evacuation.

Abnormal deep adherence or invasion of placental tissue into the myometrium or beyond, usually over a prior caesarean scar. It causes severe haemorrhage at delivery and is managed by planned caesarean hysterectomy in a specialist centre.

Deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism occurring during pregnancy or the puerperium, when hypercoagulability raises risk. Diagnosis uses compression ultrasound or ventilation-perfusion imaging, and treatment is low molecular weight heparin.

Infection of the genital tract or pelvis occurring after birth, presenting with fever, pelvic pain, and offensive lochia. Prompt broad-spectrum antibiotics and source control prevent progression to septic shock.

A systemic infection in a newborn, classified as early-onset when arising within the first days after birth, often from maternal genital tract organisms. It presents with poor feeding, lethargy, and instability and requires urgent antibiotics.

Pre-invasive squamous or glandular change of the cervix graded by the proportion of epithelium involved. High-grade lesions are treated by excision, usually large loop excision, to prevent progression to invasive cancer.

Prophylactic immunisation against oncogenic human papillomavirus types that cause cervical and other anogenital cancers. It is most effective before sexual debut and complements, but does not replace, cervical screening.

Magnified examination of the cervix, vagina, and vulva after application of acetic acid or iodine to identify abnormal epithelium and direct biopsy. It is used to evaluate abnormal screening results.

Overgrowth of the endometrial lining, often due to unopposed oestrogen, classified as without atypia or with atypia. Atypical hyperplasia carries a significant risk of progression to carcinoma and is usually managed by hysterectomy.

Any vaginal bleeding after twelve months of amenorrhoea in a woman not on hormone therapy. It requires investigation for endometrial carcinoma, typically by transvaginal ultrasound and endometrial biopsy.

Twisting of the ovary and its pedicle, causing venous and then arterial compromise. It presents with sudden severe unilateral pelvic pain and requires prompt laparoscopic detorsion to preserve ovarian function.

Implantation of the embryo outside the uterine cavity, most commonly in the fallopian tube. It can rupture and cause life-threatening haemorrhage, and is managed by expectant, medical, or surgical means depending on stability and size.

Systemic or local administration of a folate antagonist to treat selected early ectopic pregnancies or to manage persistent trophoblastic disease. Eligibility depends on stability, size, and absence of fetal cardiac activity, with hCG follow-up required.

A common endocrine disorder diagnosed by ovulatory dysfunction, clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian morphology on ultrasound. It causes anovulatory infertility and metabolic risk and is managed with lifestyle change and ovulation induction.

Use of medication such as letrozole or clomiphene, sometimes with gonadotropins, to restore ovulation in anovulatory women. Cycles are monitored to limit multiple pregnancy and to time intercourse or insemination.

An iatrogenic complication of gonadotropin stimulation characterised by ovarian enlargement, capillary leak, ascites, and haemoconcentration. Severe cases risk thrombosis and renal failure and require fluid management and thromboprophylaxis.

Involuntary leakage of urine on effort, coughing, or sneezing due to urethral sphincter weakness or hypermobility. Conservative therapy with pelvic floor muscle training is first line, with surgery reserved for persistent symptoms.

Descent of the anterior vaginal wall, posterior wall, uterus, or vaginal apex beyond its normal position. It presents with a vaginal bulge and pressure and is managed by pessary or reconstructive surgery depending on symptoms and fertility plans.

Tests that measure bladder and urethral function during filling and voiding, including cystometry and pressure-flow assessment. They help distinguish stress, urge, and mixed incontinence and detect detrusor overactivity before surgery.

Methods used after unprotected intercourse to prevent pregnancy, including copper intrauterine devices and oral levonorgestrel or ulipristal. The copper device is the most effective and can be inserted up to five days after intercourse.

A contraceptive containing an oestrogen and a progestogen taken cyclically or continuously to suppress ovulation. It is highly effective when taken correctly, with risks including venous thrombosis and hypertension that must be assessed before prescribing.

A small device placed in the uterine cavity, either copper-releasing or levonorgestrel-releasing, providing long-acting reversible contraception. It requires exclusion of pregnancy and infection at insertion and may alter bleeding patterns.

A patient's voluntary authorisation of a procedure after receiving and understanding information about its nature, benefits, alternatives, and material risks. It requires capacity and can be withdrawn at any time.

A collaborative process in which clinicians and patients exchange information about options, evidence, and values to reach a jointly agreed care plan. It respects autonomy and improves adherence and satisfaction.

A professional and often statutory obligation to inform patients openly and promptly when a safety incident has caused or could have caused harm, and to explain and apologise. It supports transparency and learning after adverse events.