Arab Board Orthopedic Surgery Final flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Wolff's Law

Bone adapts to mechanical stress by altering its structure; trabeculae align along principal stress lines, and disuse leads to bone loss.

Haversian System

Structural unit of compact bone consisting of concentric lamellae around a central canal containing blood vessels and nerves, connected by Volkmann canals.

Seddon Nerve Injury Classification

Neurapraxia (conduction block, full recovery), axonotmesis (axonal damage, regeneration 1 mm/day), neurotmesis (complete transection, no spontaneous recovery).

Gustilo-Anderson Classification

Open fracture grading: I clean wound <1 cm; II 1–10 cm without extensive damage; IIIA adequate coverage; IIIB inadequate coverage; IIIC arterial injury.

Compartment Syndrome Signs

Pain out of proportion, pain on passive stretch, paresthesia, pallor, paralysis, pulselessness (late); diagnosis is clinical; fasciotomy is definitive treatment.

Salter-Harris Classification

Pediatric physeal fractures: I through physis, II physis and metaphysis, III physis and epiphysis, IV through both, V crush injury.

Damage Control Orthopedics

Temporary external fixation for polytrauma patients to minimize the second hit; convert to definitive fixation when physiology allows.

Periprosthetic Joint Infection Diagnosis

Based on MSIS/ICM criteria including ESR, CRP, synovial WBC, PMN percentage, culture, and alpha-defensin; two-stage exchange for chronic infection.

Aseptic Loosening

Most common cause of late total joint arthroplasty failure; radiographic signs include progressive radiolucent lines, component migration, and osteolysis.

TKA Mechanical Alignment

Neutral mechanical axis (0°); femoral component 5–7° valgus relative to anatomic axis; tibial component perpendicular to mechanical axis.

Cauda Equina Syndrome

Saddle anesthesia, bowel/bladder dysfunction, bilateral leg weakness; emergent MRI and decompression within 24–48 hours.

TLICS Score

Thoracolumbar injury classification based on morphology, posterior ligamentous complex, and neurologic status; score ≥5 suggests surgery.

ASIA Impairment Scale

Spinal cord injury classification: A complete, B sensory incomplete, C motor incomplete (grade <3), D motor incomplete (grade ≥3), E normal.

ACL Tear Tests

Lachman test (most sensitive), anterior drawer, pivot shift; MRI confirms; reconstruction with autograft for young active patients.

Thompson Test

Calf squeeze test for Achilles tendon rupture; absence of plantar flexion indicates complete rupture.

DDH Screening Tests

Ortolani (reduces dislocated hip) and Barlow (dislocates unstable hip) in neonates; ultrasound screening; Pavlik harness for <6 months.

SCFE

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis: obese adolescent with hip/groin pain, limited internal rotation; frog-leg lateral radiograph; in situ pinning.

Ponseti Method

Serial casting, Achilles tenotomy, and bracing for clubfoot; initiated within first weeks of life.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Median nerve compression with night pain, thenar atrophy, positive Phalen/Tinel; EMG/NCS; release of transverse carpal ligament.

Scaphoid Fracture

Anatomic snuffbox tenderness; risk of nonunion and AVN (proximal pole); MRI or repeat radiographs; cast or screw fixation.

Dupuytren Contracture

Palmar fascia fibrosis causing finger contracture; tabletop test; treatment with collagenase, needle aponeurotomy, or fasciectomy.

Weber Ankle Classification

A below syndesmosis, B at syndesmosis, C above; syndesmotic injury requires screw fixation.

Lisfranc Injury

Midfoot instability; weight-bearing radiographs; ORIF or primary arthrodesis.

Osteosarcoma Features

Bimodal age; metaphysis of long bones; sunburst periosteal reaction, Codman triangle; neoadjuvant chemo plus limb salvage.

Giant Cell Tumor

Epiphysis of long bones, soap-bubble appearance; RANKL inhibitor denosumab; risk of recurrence.

Mirels Score

Predicts pathologic fracture risk in bone metastases based on site, pain, lesion type, and size; score ≥9 indicates prophylactic fixation.

Osteomyelitis

Acute hematogenous (children, metaphysis) vs chronic; Staphylococcus aureus most common; MRI for diagnosis, bone biopsy for culture.

Septic Arthritis

Urgent joint aspiration; Gram stain and culture; IV antibiotics; surgical lavage.

Necrotizing Fasciitis

Rapidly spreading infection with pain out of proportion and systemic toxicity; emergent surgical debridement.

Gait Training

Progression from non-weight-bearing to weight-bearing as tolerated; assistive devices include walker, crutches, and cane.

Below-Knee Prosthesis

Patellar tendon-bearing socket; energy-storing foot for active users; consider residual limb condition and K-level.

WHO Surgical Safety Checklist

Sign in, time out, sign out; reduces surgical complications and improves team communication.