QLS flashcards
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32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Constructive alignment
- A design principle requiring that stated learning outcomes, teaching and learning activities, and assessment tasks all target the same content and cognitive verbs, so assessment genuinely measures the outcome.
- Summative assessment
- Assessment administered after instruction to certify achievement or assign a grade against a standard, in contrast to formative assessment, which informs learning while instruction is still underway.
- WCAG POUR principles
- The four accessibility principles - Perceivable, Operable, Understandable, Robust - under which all WCAG success criteria are organized; conformance levels ascend A, AA, and AAA.
- Kirkpatrick four levels
- An evaluation framework measuring training at four levels: reaction, learning, behavior, and results. Satisfying one level does not guarantee outcomes at the next level.
- Cognitive Load Theory
- A theory holding that working memory capacity is limited, so instruction should minimize extraneous load such as split attention and redundancy while supporting essential processing.
- RACI matrix
- A responsibility chart assigning each deliverable a Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, and Informed party, with exactly one Accountable owner per deliverable.
- xAPI (Tin Can)
- A learning technology specification that records statements of actor, verb, and object, capturing learning experiences inside or outside a learning management system.
- Item discrimination index
- A statistic computed as the proportion correct in the upper scoring group minus the proportion correct in the lower group; values below roughly 0.20 flag items for review.
- Backward design
- A curriculum planning sequence that first identifies desired results, then determines acceptable evidence of learning, and only then plans learning experiences and instruction.
- Universal Design for Learning
- An instructional framework providing multiple means of engagement, representation, and action and expression so diverse learners can access and demonstrate learning.
- Critical path
- The longest sequence of dependent tasks in a project schedule; it determines the minimum project duration and its tasks have zero float.
- Formative assessment
- Assessment conducted during instruction to inform teaching and learning decisions, typically low-stakes and followed by feedback rather than a certification judgment.
- Gagne's nine events
- A sequenced instructional model: gain attention, state objectives, recall prior knowledge, present content, guide learning, elicit performance, give feedback, assess, and enhance retention and transfer.
- Learning objective components
- A well-formed objective states a performance using an observable verb, the condition under which it occurs, and the criterion for acceptable performance.
- LTI standard
- A specification that standardizes launching external tools from a learning management system and passing grades back, avoiding custom one-off integrations.
- Informed consent
- Voluntary agreement to participate given after disclosure of purpose, risks, benefits, and the right to withdraw without penalty, documented before data collection begins.
- Psychological safety
- A shared belief that interpersonal risk-taking is safe, so learners ask questions and admit errors without fear of embarrassment or punishment.
- Accommodation versus modification
- An accommodation changes how a learner demonstrates knowledge, such as extended time, without altering the construct; a modification changes what is assessed or the standard itself.
- Contrast minimum ratios
- WCAG requires a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1 for normal text and 3:1 for large text, defined as 18pt or 14pt bold, against its background.
- Merrill's First Principles
- An instructional design framework built on activation of prior experience, demonstration of skills, application by the learner, and integration into real-world activity, organized around whole tasks.
- Norm-referenced assessment
- Assessment that interprets a learner's score relative to the performance of a comparison group, rather than against an absolute performance standard.
- Think-pair-share
- A facilitation sequence in which learners reflect individually, discuss in pairs, then share with the whole group, increasing participation breadth compared with immediate cold calling.
- Creative Commons BY
- An open license permitting reuse, adaptation, and commercial use provided the creator receives credit, a license link is given, and changes are indicated.
- SCORM
- A specification for packaging web-based learning content so a learning management system can launch it and exchange runtime tracking data such as completion and score.
- Stakeholder power/interest grid
- A mapping tool classifying stakeholders by influence and stake; high power with high interest warrants close management, while low power with low interest warrants monitoring.
- Bloom's revised taxonomy
- A hierarchy of cognitive processes ascending from remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, to create, used to set and assess the intended level of cognitive demand.
- Wait time
- The pause of roughly three to five seconds after posing a question before calling on someone, which increases response length and the number of learners participating.
- Modified Angoff method
- A standard-setting procedure in which subject-matter experts estimate the probability that a borderline candidate answers each item correctly, yielding a defensible cut score.
- Constructivism
- A learning theory holding that learners actively build knowledge from prior experience, favoring authentic tasks, scaffolding, and social negotiation over direct transmission.
- Triple constraint
- The interdependent project dimensions of scope, schedule, and cost; a change to any one requires renegotiating the others to keep the plan feasible.
- Change control process
- A documented workflow of change request, impact assessment, approval by the authorized party, and baseline update that keeps project scope under control.
- Nominal group technique
- A structured group decision method using silent idea generation, round-robin recording, clarification, and ranked voting to reduce dominance and conformity effects.