Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Control
The risk management process
Hazard identification is the first step in managing risks. A hazard is anything with potential to cause harm; risk is the likelihood and consequence of that harm. The process involves identifying hazards, assessing risks (considering likelihood and severity), controlling risks using the hierarchy of control, and reviewing controls. The hierarchy of control, from most effective to least, is: eliminate the hazard, substitute with something safer, use engineering controls (e.g., barriers, ventilation), use administrative controls (e.g., procedures, training), and finally use personal protective equipment (PPE).
Common forklift hazards
Typical hazards include pedestrians struck by forklifts, loads falling, forklift tip-overs, collisions with racking or structures, uneven or slippery surfaces, poor lighting, exhaust emissions (for LPG/diesel), and battery charging hazards (acid, hydrogen gas). When assessing risk, consider the task, the environment, the equipment, and the people involved.
Traps in exam questions
- Thinking PPE is the best control; it is the least effective.
- Forgetting that elimination is the most effective control.
- Confusing a hazard with a risk (e.g., “a load” is not a hazard; “falling load” is).
- Overlooking the need to consult workers when identifying hazards and choosing controls.
Worked example
A hazard is identified: pedestrians walking through a forklift aisle. Risk assessment: high likelihood of collision and serious injury. Controls: eliminate by separating pedestrian walkways (most effective), then install barriers, then use administrative controls like signage and training, and finally require high-visibility clothing as PPE. Review controls regularly.
Key points
- Use the hierarchy of control: eliminate, substitute, engineer, administer, PPE.
- Consult workers during hazard identification and control selection.
- Common hazards: pedestrians, falling loads, tip-overs, poor surfaces.
- Risk assessment considers likelihood and severity.
- Review controls regularly and after incidents.