HSC Dutch Continuers cheat sheet
HSC Dutch Continuers · Keep the key ideas within reach.
Listening and responding
Dutch word order: in a main clause the finite verb sits in second position; after an initial adverbial (Morgen, Daarna, Volgens mij) the subject follows the verb (Morgen gaat hij naar school).
Separable verbs split in main clauses: opbellen becomes Ik bel je morgen op; the prefix lands at the end of the clause, so the meaning is only complete at the sentence's end.
Subordinate clauses (omdat, dat, als, terwijl, hoewel) send all verbs to the end: Ik weet dat hij gisteren niet gekomen is.
The past participle sits before the auxiliary in final position: heeft gewerkt, is vertrokken, had verwacht; listen for the auxiliary first to predict a participle is coming.
Modal particles carry attitude, not content: toch (contrary expectation), maar (dismissive/softening), even (briefly), nou (informal emphasis), wel/niet (reassurance vs negation).
Numbers and times: half acht = 7:30, kwart over negen = 9:15, tien voor half twee = 1:20; years are said as pairs (negentienhonderd vijfentachtig).
Distinguish de/het and singular/plural endings on adjectives to identify the noun: een klein huis vs het kleine huis; een grote auto vs de grote auto.
Signal words for sequencing in a monologue: eerst, vervolgens, daarna, ten slotte, tot slot; these mark the order of steps in a process or anecdote.
Negation patterns: geen before indefinite nouns, niet before definite nouns, adjectives, and adverbials; position of niet is usually late in the clause.
Reading and responding
Identify text type from layout and register: informal email uses je/jij and contractions (ik heb 't), formal letter uses u/uw and no contractions; advertorials mix persuasive adjectives with imperatives.
Scan for cognate traps: Dutch words resembling English but differing in meaning include bellen (to phone), vies (dirty), stout (naughty), brutaal (cheeky), and eventueel (possibly).
Linking words show argument structure: echter/maar (contrast), daarom/dus (consequence), bovendien (addition), immers (justification), tenzij (exception).
Passive voice: worden + past participle for process (Het huis wordt gebouwd), zijn + past participle for state (Het huis is gebouwd); the agent follows door.
Relative clauses: die for de-words and plural, dat for het-words, wat after alles, iets, niets, and whole clauses; wat never follows a plain de/het noun.
Pronominal adverbs compress reference: ervan, daarvan, waarmee, waarop, hiermee; split them (waar ... mee) only in questions or when the preposition is stranded.
Inference questions need textual evidence: locate the sentence giving the cause, condition, or contrast, then match it to the option that does not overstate the text.
Time and tense markers: gisteren/verleden week + simple past (ik ging), net/al + perfect (ik ben net gegaan), binnenkort + present or future (ik ga/ik zal gaan).
Idioms that shift meaning: op de hoogte zijn (to be informed), het niet breed hebben (to be short of money), een appeltje voor de dorst (savings), de plank misslaan (to be wrong).
Writing in Dutch
Register choice fixes pronouns and endings: informal je/jij + jouw, formal u/uw; adjectives with u take -e (Uw nieuwe adres), and imperatives use u-form or infinitive on signs.
Letter conventions: informal opening Beste + first name or Hoi + name, closing Groetjes/Liefs + name; formal opening Geachte heer/mevrouw + surname, closing Met vriendelijke groet + full name.
Inversion rule applies to written openings: Naar aanleiding van uw brief schrijf ik u; the subject follows the fronted phrase and the finite verb.
Connectives raise coherence: ten eerste, bovendien, daarentegen, daarom, kortom, tot slot; place them at the start of a sentence to structure paragraphs.
Perfect tense in writing: hebben/ zijn + past participle; zijn is used with motion and change-of-state verbs (is vertrokken, is gegroeid) and with blijven, worden, zijn.
Word-order in two-verb final clusters: Ik hoop dat u mij spoedig kunt helpen; the modal precedes the infinitive in subordinate clauses.
Formal request formulas: Ik zou het zeer op prijs stellen als u ...; Kunt u mij laten weten of ...; Ik verzoek u vriendelijk om ...
Punctuation and capitalization: no capital after a colon in Dutch unless a full sentence follows; abbreviations take a period (bijv., d.w.z., m.u.v.).
Common spelling decisions: -t or -d in final position by lengthening (hond → honden), double vowels/consonants to keep the short/long sound (hop → hoppen, hoop → hopen).