HSC Filipino Continuers flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

po at opo

Politeness particles and respectful yes-word used when addressing elders, strangers or superiors. Their presence in a recording signals formal or respectful register; their absence suggests peers or intimates.

dahil at kasi

Causal connectors meaning because. In listening tasks they introduce the reason behind a request, complaint or decision, so the answer usually follows them.

gist versus detail

Gist is the overall topic, purpose and relationship between speakers; detail covers names, numbers, times and places. HSC recordings are played twice, allowing one pass for each.

actor focus -um-

Verb affix placing the doer in subject position, as in Kumain si Ana ng mangga. It tells the listener that the named participant performed the action.

object focus -in

Verb affix placing the object in subject position, as in Kinain ni Ana ang mangga. It signals which item received the action and who performed it.

reduplication for frequency

Repeating a syllable or root marks repetition, plurality or intensity, as in araw-araw (every day) and unti-unti (gradually). It fixes how often or how much something happens.

alas-dos at ikalawa

Alas-dos means two o'clock, using the Spanish-derived clock system; ikalawa means second in a sequence. Distinguishing them prevents errors in time and ordering questions.

ang, ng, sa markers

Ang marks the subject, ng marks non-subject actors and possession, and sa marks location or direction. These case markers identify who does what to whom.

ay inversion

The particle ay follows the predicate and precedes the subject, reversing normal predicate-initial order. Its presence changes emphasis, not basic meaning.

patalastas

A notice or advertisement whose purpose is to persuade or inform about an event, product or service. Look for contact details, dates and imperative verbs.

balita at sinopse

Balita means news report; its sinopse or lead answers who, what, when, where and why in the first paragraph, with details following in descending importance.

ka-...-an affix

A circumfix forming abstract nouns from roots, as in kalayaan (freedom) from laya and kagandahan (beauty) from ganda. Recognising it helps decode unfamiliar vocabulary.

buhay at buháy

Written alike but stressed differently: buhay is the noun life, while buháy means alive. Context and stress distinguish them in reading and speech.

pamuhatan at lagda

Pamuhatan is the place and date heading of a letter; lagda is the signature. Both belong to the standard frame of a formal Filipino letter.

bating pangwakas

The closing formula of a letter, such as Lubos na gumagalang (respectfully yours) for formal correspondence or Nagmamahal for intimate letters. It matches the register.

gayunpaman at samakatuwid

Cohesive devices meaning nevertheless and therefore. Placing them at paragraph or sentence openings signals contrast and consequence, improving essay coherence scores.

sanaysay structure

A sanaysay has a panimula stating the thesis, a gitna developing one idea per paragraph with evidence, and a wakas returning to the thesis with a conclusion.

verb aspect in Filipino

Aspect marks whether action is completed, ongoing or contemplated, shown by affix and reduplication rather than tense alone. Consistency across a written text is a marking criterion.

liham-pangangalakal

A formal or business letter using respectful address, a clear purpose statement, structured body paragraphs and a conventional closing. It avoids slang and contractions.

Mawalang-galang na po

A polite formula equivalent to excuse me or with all due respect, used to interrupt, disagree or make a request. It softens face-threatening moves in conversation.

Ibig sabihin po ba

A clarification question meaning does that mean...? It checks understanding and invites the interlocutor to restate or explain, sustaining the conversation.

Pakiulit po

A repair request meaning please repeat that, often extended as Pakiulit po nang dahan-dahan (please repeat slowly). It keeps interaction going when comprehension fails.

Walang anuman

The standard reply to thanks, meaning you are welcome or it was nothing. Alternatives include Wala pong problema and Okay lang po.

hedged refusal

A softened refusal using siguro, marahil or hindi po ako sigurado before the negative, often with a reason. Direct blunt refusal is avoided in polite Filipino interaction.

kayo at ninyo

Plural pronouns also used for a single elder or stranger as a respect marker, alongside po and ho. Using ikaw or ka with an elder can sound disrespectful.

bayanihan

A tradition of communal mutual help, historically depicted as neighbours carrying a house together. It symbolises solidarity and collective responsibility in Filipino culture.

utang na loob

A debt of gratitude creating a lasting sense of obligation to a benefactor. It is moral and relational, not financial, and shapes expectations of reciprocity.

hiya at pakikisama

Hiya is social propriety or shame-avoidance that encourages indirectness; pakikisama is maintaining harmony with the group. Together they explain preference for indirect communication.

pagmamano

A gesture of respect in which a younger person takes an elder's hand and touches it to the forehead, usually accompanied by po or opo and a greeting.

ate at kuya

Kinship terms for older sister and older brother, extended to non-relatives to mark age and respect. Similar extensions apply to tita, lolo and lola.

Simbang Gabi

Nine dawn Masses held in the days before Christmas, a widely observed Filipino religious practice. Attendance is a common topic in personal and cultural texts.

Filipino at Tagalog

Filipino is the national language, based largely on Tagalog but standardised and enriched with loanwords. The Philippines has over a hundred distinct languages, including Cebuano and Ilocano.