VALID Science 10 study guide
VALID Science 10 · Work through your exam, one topic at a time.
VALID Science 10 is a standalone assessment credential for learners who have completed a Grade 10-level integrated science course or its equivalent and want independent evidence of that knowledge. It suits students building a transcript, home-schooled learners seeking third-party verification, adult learners refreshing science before further study, and anyone preparing for senior secondary science courses. The VALID Science 10 study guide has 10 sections and about 2,497 words.
01Processes of Science
Science is a way of testing ideas against evidence, not a body of fixed facts. Know the vocabulary of experimental design: hypothesis (a testable prediction), independent variable (what the experimenter changes), dependent variable (what is measured), controlled variables (everything held constant), and control group (a baseline with no treatment).
296 words, about 1 min02Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table
An atom has a nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons. Atomic number (protons) defines the element; mass number is protons plus neutrons.
264 words, about 1 min03Chemical Reactions and Conservation of Mass
A chemical reaction rearranges atoms into new substances. Evidence includes color change, gas production, precipitate formation, and temperature change.
250 words, about 1 min04Compounds, Bonding, and Nomenclature
Ionic bonds form between metals and nonmetals through electron transfer, creating charged ions held by electrostatic attraction. Covalent bonds form between nonmetals through electron sharing, producing molecules.
245 words, about 1 min05Motion, Forces, and Energy
Speed is distance over time; velocity adds direction; acceleration is change in velocity over time. On a distance-time graph, slope is speed; on a velocity-time graph, slope is acceleration and area is displacement.
257 words, about 1 min06Electricity and Circuits
Charge is measured in coulombs; current (amperes) is the rate of charge flow; voltage (volts) is potential difference; resistance (ohms) opposes current. Ohm's law states V = IR.
256 words, about 1 min07Earth's Structure, Plate Tectonics, and Geology
Earth has a crust , mantle , outer core , and inner core . The lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates that move on the asthenosphere.
243 words, about 1 min08Weather, Climate, and the Atmosphere
The atmosphere is layered: troposphere (weather), stratosphere (ozone), mesosphere, thermosphere. Weather is short-term atmospheric conditions; climate is long-term averages and patterns.
251 words, about 1 min09Cells, Genetics, and Reproduction
Cells are the basic unit of life. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus; eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles.
209 words, about 1 min10Ecology and Sustainability
Ecology studies interactions between organisms and their environment. Populations are groups of one species; communities include multiple species; ecosystems add abiotic factors.
226 words, about 1 min