Filipino (Continuers) flashcards

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Glottal stop (impit)

A phonemic consonant produced by closing the glottis, heard in words like 'bataʔ' (child). It distinguishes meaning from words without it, such as 'bata' (robe).

Stress (diin)

The relative emphasis on a syllable; in Filipino it is phonemic, so 'ˈbaha' (flood) and 'baˈha' (part of a house) are different words.

Question particle 'ba'

A particle placed after the predicate or topic to form a yes/no question, e.g., 'Kumain ka ba?' (Did you eat?). It is not used in WH-questions.

Discourse marker 'kasi'

A causal marker meaning 'because' or 'you see', often used to explain or justify a statement in conversation, e.g., 'Hindi ako pumunta kasi umuulan.'

Aspect vs. tense

Filipino verbs mark aspect (completed, imperfective, contemplated) rather than tense. Time is indicated by context or adverbs like 'kahapon' (yesterday) or 'bukas' (tomorrow).

Reduplication (pag-uulit)

Repetition of the first CV syllable of a verb root to mark contemplated or imperfective aspect: 'basa' → 'babasa' (will read), 'kain' → 'kakain' (will eat).

Topic marker 'ang'

The particle that marks the topic (subject) of a sentence, regardless of whether it is actor or object: 'Kumain ang bata' (The child ate).

Non-topic marker 'ng'

The particle marking a non-topic core argument, often the object or genitive: 'Kumain ng mangga ang bata' (The child ate a mango).

Oblique marker 'sa'

The preposition marking location, direction, or beneficiary: 'Pumunta siya sa palengke' (He/She went to the market).

Ligature '-ng'

A linker attached to a preceding word ending in a vowel or 'n' to connect it to a following modifier: 'mabuting bata' (good child). After other consonants, 'na' is used.

Pronoun set: nominative

Pronouns that function as the topic: 'ako' (I), 'ikaw/ka' (you), 'siya' (he/she), 'kami' (we excl.), 'tayo' (we incl.), 'kayo' (you pl.), 'sila' (they).

Pronoun set: genitive

Pronouns marking possession or non-topic actor: 'ko' (my), 'mo' (your), 'niya' (his/her), 'namin' (our excl.), 'natin' (our incl.), 'ninyo' (your pl.), 'nila' (their).

Pronoun set: oblique

Pronouns used after 'sa' or as locative/benefactive: 'akin' (to me), 'iyo' (to you), 'kanya' (to him/her), 'amin' (to us excl.), 'atin' (to us incl.), 'inyo' (to you pl.), 'kanila' (to them).

Predicate-initial order

The default sentence order in Filipino, where the predicate comes before the topic: 'Kumain ng mangga ang bata' (Ate a mango the child).

Inversion with 'ay'

The particle 'ay' is placed after the topic to invert to topic-initial order for emphasis: 'Ang bata ay kumain ng mangga' (The child ate a mango).

Actor focus affixes

Verb affixes that make the actor the topic: 'mag-' (magluto), '-um-' (kumain), 'ma-' (matulog). The actor is marked by 'ang' or a nominative pronoun.

Object focus affixes

Verb affixes that make the object the topic: '-in' (bilhin), 'i-' (ibigay), '-an' (bigyan). The object is marked by 'ang' or a nominative pronoun.

Locative focus affix '-an'

A verb affix that makes the location or direction the topic: 'Binilhan niya ng pagkain ang tindahan' (He bought food at the store; the store is topic).

Instrumental focus 'ipang-'

A verb affix that makes the instrument the topic: 'Ipinanghiwa niya ng gulay ang kutsilyo' (He used the knife to cut vegetables; the knife is topic).

'Nang' vs. 'ng'

'Ng' marks genitive or non-topic case; 'nang' is an adverb marker meaning 'when' or 'so that', e.g., 'Nang umalis siya, umuulan' (When he left, it was raining).

Polite particles 'po' and 'opo'

'Po' is inserted in sentences and 'opo' is the polite 'yes' used when addressing elders or superiors; 'ho' and 'oho' are less formal variants.

Kinship address terms

Terms used to address relatives or strangers politely: 'Kuya' (older brother), 'Ate' (older sister), 'Tito/Tita' (uncle/aunt), 'Lolo/Lola' (grandfather/grandmother).

Second-person pronouns

'Ikaw/ka' is singular informal; 'kayo' is plural and also used to one person to show respect. The genitive forms are 'mo' (singular) and 'ninyo' (plural/polite).

Deictic directionals

'Dito' (here, near speaker), 'diyan' (there, near hearer), 'doon' (there, far from both). Verbs of motion: 'pumunta' (go), 'umalis' (leave).

Greetings

'Magandang umaga/hapon/gabi' (good morning/afternoon/evening); 'Kumusta ka?' (How are you?); 'Salamat' (thank you); 'Paalam' (goodbye).

Focus system

The grammatical system where the verb affix determines which argument is the topic marked by 'ang'. Changing focus changes the affix and the case marking of arguments.

Completed aspect

The aspect marking an action viewed as complete, often formed with 'nag-' or '-um-': 'nagluto' (cooked), 'kumain' (ate).

Contemplated aspect

The aspect marking an action not yet started, formed by CV-reduplication: 'magluluto' (will cook), 'kakain' (will eat).

Imperfective aspect

The aspect marking an ongoing action, formed by CV-reduplication plus the completed form: 'nagluluto' (is cooking), 'kumakain' (is eating).

Plural marker 'mga'

The particle placed before a noun to mark plurality: 'mga bata' (children), 'mga libro' (books). It is pronounced 'ma-nga'.

Prefix 'ka-'

A prefix expressing relationship or state: 'kaibigan' (friend), 'kapatid' (sibling), 'kasama' (companion). It can also form ordinal numbers: 'ikalawa' (second).

Prefix 'pa-'

A causative prefix meaning 'to make someone do something': 'pakainin' (feed), 'puntahan' (go to). It also marks direction toward: 'pumasok' (enter).