Filipino (Continuers) key terms

The ability to grasp the meaning, main idea, and details of spoken Filipino, such as announcements, conversations, and radio broadcasts, even when the speaker talks at a natural speed.

The skill of identifying the central point or message of a spoken or written text, separating it from supporting details, examples, and side comments.

Using the surrounding words, tone, and situation to work out the meaning of an unfamiliar word or phrase, rather than relying on a dictionary.

The rise and fall of voice pitch and the stress placed on syllables, which in Filipino can change meaning and signal emotion, questions, or emphasis.

Writing brief notes while listening to a talk, lecture, or dialogue so that key facts, names, numbers, and arguments can be recalled and used afterwards.

Restating the main points of a text or speech in a short, clear form using one's own words, without adding personal opinion or unnecessary detail.

A hint or indirect suggestion in a text that lets the reader infer meaning which is not stated outright, such as a character's feelings or a writer's intention.

Words or expressions whose meaning is figurative rather than literal, including idioms and proverbs, which readers must interpret using cultural and contextual knowledge.

A short traditional Filipino saying that expresses a piece of folk wisdom or a moral lesson, often used in essays and speeches to support an argument.

A Filipino riddle that describes an object or idea in a clever, indirect way, testing the listener's ability to guess the answer from clues in the wording.

An outline that organizes a text into main headings and supporting points, used both to plan writing and to check whether a draft follows a logical order.

Composing a short prose piece with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion, presenting and supporting a main idea in well-organized paragraphs.

A paragraph, a group of sentences that develop one idea, usually beginning with a topic sentence and ending with a link to the next paragraph.

A letter, whether personal or formal, written with the appropriate greeting, body, and closing, and following conventions such as date placement and polite address.

Formal language used in official letters, reports, and academic writing, avoiding slang and contractions and observing respectful terms of address.

Casual, everyday language used with friends, family, and peers, often including slang, shortened words, and code-switching between Filipino and English.

Slang words and expressions used in informal speech, often created by reversing syllables or borrowing from other languages, and generally avoided in formal writing.

Colloquial Filipino, the relaxed spoken register used in daily conversation, which shortens words and blends English terms but stays widely understood.

Introducing oneself in spoken Filipino, giving one's name, background, interests, and purpose, using polite forms and appropriate greetings for the setting.

Greetings and leave-taking expressions in Filipino, such as good morning or goodbye, which vary according to the time of day and the formality of the situation.

Politeness markers in Filipino used when speaking to elders, superiors, or strangers, showing respect through the particle po and the response opo.

The skill of holding a conversation in Filipino, taking turns, asking and answering questions, and keeping the exchange going naturally and respectfully.

Stating one's view on a topic in spoken Filipino, supporting it with reasons, and agreeing or disagreeing politely with others in a discussion.

Offering a suggestion or advice in Filipino using appropriate expressions, softening disagreement and inviting the other person to consider the idea.

A verb, the word class that expresses action or state; Filipino verbs are built from a root with affixes that mark focus, aspect, and mood.

The aspect of a Filipino verb, showing whether an action has begun, is ongoing, or is completed, marked by affixes and syllable repetition rather than by tense alone.

An affix, a prefix, infix, or suffix attached to a root word to change or refine its meaning, central to forming Filipino verbs, nouns, and adjectives.

A root word, the base form to which affixes are added; understanding it helps learners predict the meaning of related word forms.

An adjective, a word that describes or limits a noun; Filipino adjectives may be linked to nouns by the particle na or -ng.

An adverb, a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb, often formed from adjectives with the affix na- or by using markers of manner, time, or place.

A pronoun, a word that stands in for a noun; Filipino pronouns differ by person, number, and case, and include distinct forms for focus and non-focus positions.

A noun, a word naming a person, place, thing, or idea; Filipino nouns are marked by particles such as ang, ng, and sa according to their role in the sentence.

A preposition, a word that shows the relation between a noun and another element in the sentence, such as location, direction, or possession.

A conjunction, a word that joins words, phrases, or clauses and shows relationships such as addition, contrast, cause, or result.

Sentence order in Filipino, most commonly the predicate-first pattern, in which the verb or predicate comes before the subject, contrasted with the less frequent subject-first order.

A sentence, a complete unit of thought containing a subject and predicate, which may be declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory in form.

Syllable stress in spoken Filipino, which can distinguish words that look alike on paper, such as pairs differing only in which syllable is emphasized.

Pronunciation, the way words are spoken aloud, including vowel sounds, stress, and the glottal stop, which affect clarity and meaning in oral Filipino.

A compound word formed by joining two words or a word and a particle, sometimes with a hyphen, creating a new meaning used in everyday Filipino.