SACE Stage 2 Hebrew (continuers) flashcards
SACE Stage 2 Hebrew (continuers) · Build recall with a focused review session.
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- Register in direct address
- Hebrew distinguishes informal second person singular from honorific plural and titles. Peers take אתה or את; strangers, officials and elders take אדוני, גברתי or plural forms to signal respect.
- Greeting and parting pair
- On meeting, שלום or בוקר טוב; the follow-up is מה נשמע or מה שלומך. On parting, להתראות or יום טוב, and at night לילה טוב.
- שאל versus ענה prepositions
- The verb שאל takes את before the person questioned, while ענה takes ל before the person answered. So שאלתי את המורה but עניתי למורה.
- Softening a request
- A bare imperative sounds blunt in Hebrew. Requests are usually framed with אפשר followed by an infinitive, often with בבקשה, and refusals are softened with סליחה or אני מצטער.
- Agreement markers in dialogue
- נכון, בדיוק and ממש כך signal agreement; אבל, לעומת זאת and מצד שני signal contrast; לכן and בגלל זה signal consequence. These markers organise turn-taking in conversation.
- תודה and סליחה responses
- תודה or תודה רבה is answered with על לא דבר or בבקשה. סליחה serves both as an apology and as an attention-getter before asking a stranger a question.
- Gendered self-reference
- A speaker marks own gender in predicates and participles: a male says אני מוכן and a female says אני מוכנה. Mixed groups take masculine plural forms.
- Opening a phone call
- A formal call opens with שלום followed by מדבר or מדברת and the speaker's name, then אפשר לדבר עם plus the requested person to ask for someone else.
- Identifying text type
- Impersonal third person with dates and statistics signals an informational article. First-person pronouns and direct address signal a personal column, diary entry or letter.
- Root and pattern decoding
- Most Hebrew words combine a three-letter שורש with a משקל or בניין pattern. Recognising the shared root across unfamiliar forms narrows the likely meaning.
- הִפְעִיל as causative
- The הִפְעִיל בניין typically makes a verb causative: להכניס means to cause something to enter, and להראות means to cause someone to see.
- נִפְעַל and הִתְפַּעֵל
- These בניינים commonly carry reflexive or passive meaning, such as להתלבש (to dress oneself) and להיכנס (to be brought in or to enter), depending on the root.
- Connector meanings
- לעומת זאת means in contrast, כתוצאה מכך means as a result, למרות ש means although and is followed by a verb, and בניגוד ל means unlike and is followed by a noun.
- Prepositional object suffixes
- Object pronouns attach to prepositions and fix the referent: בו in it, בה in her or it, בהם in them. Missing the suffix can reverse who is affected by the action.
- Definite object marker את
- A definite direct object is preceded by את. If a definite noun appears without את before a verb, it is likely the subject rather than the object of that verb.
- סמיכות construct chains
- Two nouns joined in construct state form one unit, with the second noun carrying definiteness: בית הספר is the school, not a house of the book. Translate the pair together.
- Numeral gender reversal
- Numbers three to ten take the opposite gender form from the noun counted: שלושה ספרים with a masculine noun, but שלוש מחברות with a feminine noun.
- Answering inference questions
- An inference answer must cite the supporting sentence, then state the conclusion it licenses. General knowledge alone is insufficient without textual evidence.
- Distinguishing fact from opinion
- Statements with verifiable data, dates or named sources report fact. Evaluative adjectives, modal words like צריך and rhetorical questions signal the writer's opinion in the same text.
- Recognising the writer's purpose
- Purpose questions ask why the text was written. Persuasive verbs, calls to action and direct address indicate persuasion; neutral sequencing and data indicate informing.
- Formal letter frame
- A formal Hebrew letter opens with שלום רב or לכבוד and closes with בברכה followed by the writer's name. Titles and honorific plural are maintained throughout.
- Informal message frame
- An informal Hebrew message opens with שלום or היי and closes with a casual parting such as נשתמע or להתראות, using singular second person and no honorific titles.
- Argument paragraph shape
- State the position, give a reason introduced by מפני ש or כיוון ש, add a concrete example, then close with לכן or לסיכום to mark the conclusion.
- Tense roles in narrative
- Past forms carry the sequence of events, present forms carry description and background, and an infinitive after a modal verb carries intention, as in רציתי לספר.
- Cohesion devices
- Use pronoun substitution for repeated nouns, synonyms to avoid repetition, and ordered discourse markers such as ראשית, שנית, בנוסף and לבסוף to structure points.
- Default and fronted word order
- Neutral Hebrew sentences run verb, subject, object. A time or place phrase may be fronted, as in בשנה שעברה טסנו, without changing the basic meaning.
- Adjective definiteness
- A definite noun takes a definite adjective: הילד הגדול, not הילד גדול. Indefinite pairs take the plain adjective form, as in ילד גדול.
- Register consistency check
- A formal letter must not slip into אתה or את, and a message to a friend must not adopt honorific plural. One register is kept throughout the whole text.
- Planning by content points
- Read the prompt's required points, assign one paragraph or message section to each, then verify before submitting that every required point appears explicitly in the text.
- Verbal noun as text connector
- The שם פועל, such as כתיבה or למידה, lets a writer refer back to an action as a noun, which tightens cohesion in formal and argumentative writing.
- Expressing cause and purpose
- Cause is marked by מפני ש, כיוון ש or בגלל followed by a noun. Purpose is marked by כדי followed by an infinitive, as in כדי להצליח.