SACE Stage 2 Hindi (continuers) flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Formal you in Hindi

आप is the polite second-person pronoun used with strangers, elders and superiors; it takes plural verb agreement, as in आप कैसे हैं?

Informal you for peers

तुम is used with friends, younger people and social equals; it takes plural verb forms, e.g., तुम कहाँ जा रहे हो?

नीचे तू usage

तू is intimate-singular, used with very close friends, children or in prayer; with strangers it is insulting, so avoid it in formal interaction.

Polite request marker

कृपया means please and precedes a formal imperative, as in कृपया अंदर आइए; it raises politeness without changing the sentence's meaning.

Asking for repetition

माफ़ कीजिए, ज़रा दोहराइए means sorry, please repeat; it is a repair phrase that keeps a conversation going after a comprehension gap.

Confirmation tag है ना

है ना? is an informal tag meaning isn't it? or right?, added after a statement to invite agreement, e.g., आप कल आए थे, है ना?

Softening disagreement

Starting with मुझे लगता है कि... and adding शायद or थोड़ा reduces face threat when disagreeing, compared with a bare नहीं.

Ergative ने rule

In perfective transitive sentences the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object: मैंने पत्र लिखा (letter is masculine), मैंने किताब पढ़ी.

Scanning for detail

Scanning means hunting only for target items such as numbers, dates, names or Devanagari loanwords, ignoring surrounding description until the target appears.

Skimming a Hindi text

Skimming means reading the title, opening sentences and headings to grasp the topic and structure before deciding which parts need close reading.

Connector इसलिए

इसलिए means therefore or so; it introduces a result and signals that the preceding clause is the cause, which is useful when summarising arguments.

Connector क्योंकि

क्योंकि means because; it introduces the reason clause and usually sits mid-sentence before the verb, e.g., मैं नहीं आया क्योंकि बारिश थी.

Contrast marker जबकि

जबकि means whereas or while; it sets two clauses in contrast and often appears in formal writing to balance opposing facts.

Fact versus opinion

Named institutions, dates and statistics are facts; phrases like मेरे ख़याल से or मुझे लगता है mark opinion and should be attributed, not stated as fact.

Conditional तो pair

अगर...तो... frames a condition and result: अगर बारिश होगी तो मैं नहीं जाऊँगा. The तो clause carries the consequence.

Note-taking verb rule

While listening, record each verb in its dictionary form and note tense separately (past, present, future); this saves writing time and preserves meaning.

SOV word order

Hindi sentences normally order Subject–Object–Verb, with the auxiliary last: राम ने किताब पढ़ी है. New or emphasised information goes just before the verb.

Present continuous form

Present continuous is formed with the verb stem plus रहा/रही/रहे and है/हैं: मैं पढ़ रहा हूँ, वह पढ़ रही है.

Simple past formation

The simple past uses the perfective participle: लिखा, लिखी, लिखे, agreeing in gender and number with the object or subject, e.g., उसने चिट्ठी लिखी.

Future tense marker

The simple future adds -गा/-गी/-गे to the verb stem: करूँगा, करेगी, करेंगे. It also expresses strong presumption, as in वह अभी आएगा.

Adjective agreement

Adjectives ending in -ा change to -ी for feminine and -े for plural: अच्छा लड़का, अच्छी लड़की, अच्छे लड़के. Others, like सुंदर, stay unchanged.

Obligation with चाहिए

चाहिए means should, ought to, or need; the subject takes को and the verb stays infinitive-like: मुझे जाना चाहिए (I should go).

Formal letter opening

Formal Hindi letters open with प्रिय महोदय or आदरणीय महोदया and close with सादर or धन्यवाद ज्ञापन, with place and date at the top.

Essay paragraph order

A Hindi essay follows भूमिका (introduction), मुख्य भाग (body with arguments) and निष्कर्ष (conclusion); each part is one paragraph in a short response.

Danda punctuation

The danda (।) marks a full stop in Hindi prose and the double danda (॥) ends a verse; commas and question marks follow English conventions.

Kinship चाचा versus ताऊ

चाचा is the father's younger brother and ताऊ the father's elder brother; both are distinguished from मामा, the mother's brother.

Kinship मौसी and मौसा

मौसी is the mother's sister and मौसा her husband; these terms differ from बुआ (father's sister) and फूफा (father's sister's husband).

तत्सम vocabulary

तत्सम words are Sanskrit-derived forms kept largely unchanged, such as सूर्य and अग्नि; they raise register and often appear in formal or literary texts.

Perso-Arabic loans

Everyday Hindi includes Perso-Arabic borrowings such as दिल, इंतज़ार, शुक्रिया and मज़ा, which often signal conversational, cinematic or Urdu-influenced style.

उपमा device

उपमा is simile: an explicit comparison using जैसा, सा or तरह, as in चाँद जैसा चेहरा. Identify both compared items when analysing it.

अनुप्रास device

अनुप्रास is alliteration, the repetition of an initial consonant sound across nearby words; it creates rhythm and is common in Hindi poetry and slogans.

Premchand fact

प्रेमचंद (1880–1936) wrote realist fiction about rural and urban Indian life, including गोदान and गबन, and is central to the Hindi canon.

Tone words in analysis

व्यंग्य (satire), करुण (pathos), हास्य (humour) and गंभीर (serious) name tone; justify the choice by quoting diction rather than by topic alone.