SACE Stage 2 Hindi (continuers) key terms

A spoken or written exchange between two or more people in which turns are taken and ideas are responded to. In the exam it describes the interaction tasks where you both ask and answer.

A polite, respectful register used with strangers, elders, officials and in written correspondence. It typically uses आप and titles such as महोदय or महोदया rather than intimate forms.

A relaxed, familiar register used with friends, close family and peers. It commonly uses तुम or तू forms and slang, and is inappropriate in letters to officials or in formal interviews.

The respectful second-person pronoun used for elders, strangers and superiors. It takes plural-style verb agreement, for example आप कैसे हैं, and signals social distance or deference.

The familiar second-person pronoun used with friends, younger people and close relatives. It sits between the intimate तू and the respectful आप, and its verb forms are plural in shape.

The words or gestures used to greet someone or to take leave. Common examples are नमस्ते, नमस्कार and धन्यवाद, and choosing the right one depends on the formality of the situation.

The standard Hindi word for thank you, used to acknowledge help, gifts or hospitality. In formal letters it often appears in closing lines such as आपके सहयोग के लिए धन्यवाद।

The noun for forgiveness or pardon, used in apologies and polite requests. Phrases such as क्षमा कीजिए or मुझे क्षमा करें soften refusals and repair misunderstandings in conversation.

Describing speech that is courteous and considerate, often using indirect requests, softeners and respectful pronouns. Examiners reward sustained politeness in role-plays and letters rather than blunt commands.

Agreement or consent between speakers. Expressing it involves phrases like मैं सहमत हूँ or बिलकुल ठीक है, while disagreeing politely uses मुझे ऐसा नहीं लगता.

Disagreement, the act of politely stating a different view. Skilled speakers soften it with phrases such as माफ़ कीजिए, लेकिन मेरी राय अलग है rather than a flat नहीं.

A personal opinion or view on a topic. In interaction tasks you are often asked अपनी राय दीजिए, and a strong answer gives the view plus a reason or example.

A suggestion or piece of advice offered to another person. It is often expressed with चाहिए, or with verbs like सुझाव देना, and appears in problem-solving role-plays.

A request made to someone, ranging from asking a favour to requesting information. Hindi marks politeness through forms such as कृपया, कीजिए and ज़रा, so the wording matters as much as the content.

Conversation or talk, especially informal discussion that continues over several turns. Keeping a बातचीत going requires follow-up questions, back-channelling and reference to what the other person said.

The main idea or central point of a text, as distinct from supporting details. Identifying it means deciding what the writer most wants the reader to understand or believe.

A summary that condenses a longer text into its essential points, usually in your own words. A good सारांश keeps the order of ideas and omits examples that do not affect the main message.

The context surrounding a word, sentence or event that shapes its meaning. In reading tasks you use surrounding sentences, the writer's purpose and cultural setting to interpret unfamiliar vocabulary.

The intended audience a text is written for, such as teenagers, parents or officials. Recognising it helps you judge tone, vocabulary choice and how much background information the writer supplies.

The purpose or aim behind a text, for example to inform, persuade, entertain or warn. Naming the उद्देश्य and quoting evidence for it is a common requirement in analysis questions.

A fact: a statement that can be checked or verified, such as a date, figure or measurable event. Distinguishing तथ्य from opinion is a frequent reading and listening task.

An opinion or viewpoint, a judgement that reflects someone's beliefs rather than verifiable data. Words like मेरे ख़याल से or बेहतर होगा often signal that a मत is being expressed.

Evidence or proof used to support a claim, drawn from the text, statistics or examples. In analytical answers you should cite साक्ष्य rather than assert a view without support.

A quotation taken directly from a text to support your point. Short, accurately copied उद्धरण strengthen analysis, and they are usually placed in quotation marks with the speaker named.

A conclusion drawn after considering the evidence in a text or discussion. It should follow logically from what has been presented and is often requested at the end of an extended response.

A paragraph, a block of sentences grouped around one idea. In writing tasks each अनुच्छेद normally opens with a topic sentence and develops a single point before moving on.

An essay, a longer piece of writing with an introduction, several developed paragraphs and a conclusion. It argues or explains a topic and is judged on structure, range of vocabulary and accuracy.

A formal letter written to an institution, editor or official, using respectful address and a set closing. It typically includes the sender's details, a subject line, a clear purpose and formal vocabulary.

A personal letter to a friend or relative, written in a warm conversational tone. It allows contracted forms, personal news, questions to the reader and informal greetings and sign-offs.

The organisation or structure of a text, including its ordering of ideas, paragraphing and linking. Strong संरचना guides the reader logically from introduction through development to conclusion.

A linking word or connector such as इसलिए, लेकिन, दूसरी ओर or अंत में. Connectors show relationships between ideas and make written Hindi flow smoothly rather than listing unconnected sentences.

The range of vocabulary a writer or speaker commands. In production tasks a varied शब्दावली, including topic-specific terms and idiomatic expressions, earns marks for range and precision.

An idiom whose overall meaning cannot be worked out from its individual words, such as आँखों में धूल झोंकना. Using one appropriately shows idiomatic control in writing and speaking.

A proverb or popular saying that expresses communal wisdom, such as जैसी करनी वैसी भरनी. It is a complete sentence with a moral point, unlike an idiom which functions as a phrase.

A festival or celebration such as दिवाली, होली or ईद, marked by rituals, food and family gatherings. Understanding त्योहार helps you interpret texts about Indian social life and explain cultural practices accurately.

Customs and traditional practices observed by a community, including ceremonies for birth, marriage and festivals. The term often appears in descriptive texts where the writer explains how a tradition is performed and why.

A tradition handed down across generations, such as a craft, a style of music or a family practice. Texts about परंपरा often discuss how it changes and whether young people should maintain it.

The shared way of life of a group, covering language, food, dress, beliefs, arts and social norms. Analysing संस्कृति means noticing values and assumptions, not just listing surface customs.

The Hindi-language film industry based in Mumbai, a major source of songs, slang and shared cultural references. Texts about बॉलीवुड often debate its influence on youth, language and fashion.